MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 7.1.8 Server System Variables

activate_all_roles_on_login

Command-Line Format	`--activate-all-roles-on-login[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`activate_all_roles_on_login`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether to enable automatic activation of all granted roles when users log in to the server:

If activate_all_roles_on_login is enabled, the server activates all roles granted to each account at login time. This takes precedence over default roles specified with SET DEFAULT ROLE.
If activate_all_roles_on_login is disabled, the server activates the default roles specified with SET DEFAULT ROLE, if any, at login time.

Granted roles include those granted explicitly to the user and those named in the mandatory_roles system variable value.

activate_all_roles_on_login applies only at login time, and at the beginning of execution for stored programs and views that execute in definer context. To change the active roles within a session, use SET ROLE. To change the active roles for a stored program, the program body should execute SET ROLE.

admin_address

Command-Line Format	`--admin-address=addr`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`admin_address`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The IP address on which to listen for TCP/IP connections on the administrative network interface (see Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”). There is no default admin_address value. If this variable is not specified at startup, the server maintains no administrative interface. The server also has a bind_address system variable for configuring regular (nonadministrative) client TCP/IP connections. See Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”.

If admin_address is specified, its value must satisfy these requirements:

The value must be a single IPv4 address, IPv6 address, or host name.
The value cannot specify a wildcard address format (*, 0.0.0.0, or ::).
As of MySQL 8.0.22, the value may include a network namespace specifier.

An IP address can be specified as an IPv4 or IPv6 address. If the value is a host name, the server resolves the name to an IP address and binds to that address. If a host name resolves to multiple IP addresses, the server uses the first IPv4 address if there are any, or the first IPv6 address otherwise.

The server treats different types of addresses as follows:

If the address is an IPv4-mapped address, the server accepts TCP/IP connections for that address, in either IPv4 or IPv6 format. For example, if the server is bound to ::ffff:127.0.0.1, clients can connect using --host=127.0.0.1 or --host=::ffff:127.0.0.1.
If the address is a “regular” IPv4 or IPv6 address (such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1), the server accepts TCP/IP connections only for that IPv4 or IPv6 address.

These rules apply to specifying a network namespace for an address:

A network namespace can be specified for an IP address or a host name.
A network namespace cannot be specified for a wildcard IP address.
For a given address, the network namespace is optional. If given, it must be specified as a /ns suffix immediately following the address.
An address with no /ns suffix uses the host system global namespace. The global namespace is therefore the default.
An address with a /ns suffix uses the namespace named ns.
The host system must support network namespaces and each named namespace must previously have been set up. Naming a nonexistent namespace produces an error.

For additional information about network namespaces, see Section 7.1.14, “Network Namespace Support”.

If binding to the address fails, the server produces an error and does not start.

The admin_address system variable is similar to the bind_address system variable that binds the server to an address for ordinary client connections, but with these differences:

bind_address permits multiple addresses. admin_address permits a single address.
bind_address permits wildcard addresses. admin_address does not.

admin_port

Command-Line Format	`--admin-port=port_num`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`admin_port`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`33062`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65535`

The TCP/IP port number to use for connections on the administrative network interface (see Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”). Setting this variable to 0 causes the default value to be used.

Setting admin_port has no effect if admin_address is not specified because in that case the server maintains no administrative network interface.

admin_ssl_ca

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-ca=file_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_ca`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_ca system variable is like ssl_ca, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_capath

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-capath=dir_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_capath`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_capath system variable is like ssl_capath, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_cert

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-cert=file_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_cert`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_cert system variable is like ssl_cert, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_cipher

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-cipher=name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_cipher`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_cipher system variable is like ssl_cipher, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_crl

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-crl=file_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_crl`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_crl system variable is like ssl_crl, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_crlpath

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-crlpath=dir_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_crlpath`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_crlpath system variable is like ssl_crlpath, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_ssl_key

Command-Line Format	`--admin-ssl-key=file_name`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_ssl_key`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_ssl_key system variable is like ssl_key, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_tls_ciphersuites

Command-Line Format	`--admin-tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_tls_ciphersuites`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`NULL`

The admin_tls_ciphersuites system variable is like tls_ciphersuites, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

admin_tls_version

Command-Line Format	`--admin-tls-version=protocol_list`
Introduced	8.0.21
System Variable	`admin_tls_version`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value (≥ 8.0.28)	`TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3`
Default Value (≥ 8.0.21, ≤ 8.0.27)	`TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3`

The admin_tls_version system variable is like tls_version, except that it applies to the administrative connection interface rather than the main connection interface. For information about configuring encryption support for the administrative interface, see Administrative Interface Support for Encrypted Connections.

Important

Support for the TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 connection protocols is removed from MySQL Server as of MySQL 8.0.28. The protocols were deprecated from MySQL 8.0.26. See Removal of Support for the TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 Protocols for more information.
Support for the TLSv1.3 protocol is available in MySQL Server as of MySQL 8.0.16, provided that MySQL Server was compiled using OpenSSL 1.1.1 or higher. The server checks the version of OpenSSL at startup, and if it is lower than 1.1.1, TLSv1.3 is removed from the default value for the system variable. In that case, the defaults are “TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2” up to and including MySQL 8.0.27, and “TLSv1.2” from MySQL 8.0.28.

authentication_policy

Command-Line Format	`--authentication-policy=value`
Introduced	8.0.27
System Variable	`authentication_policy`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`*,,`

This variable is used to administer multifactor authentication (MFA) capabilities. It applies to the authentication factor-related clauses of CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements used to manage MySQL account definitions, where “factor” corresponds to an authentication method or plugin associated with an account:

authentication_policy controls the number of authentication factors that accounts may have. That is, it controls which factors are required or permitted.
authentication_policy also controls, for each factor, which plugins (or methods) are permitted.
authentication_policy, in conjunction with default_authentication_plugin, determines the default authentication plugin for authentication specifications that do not name a plugin explicitly.

Because authentication_policy applies only when accounts are created or altered, changes to its value have no effect on existing user accounts.

Note

Although the authentication_policy system variable places certain constraints on the authentication-related clauses of CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements, a user who has the AUTHENTICATION_POLICY_ADMIN privilege is not subject to the constraints. (A warning does occur for statements that otherwise would not be permitted.)

The value of authentication_policy is a list of 1, 2, or 3 comma-separated elements. Each element present can be an authentication plugin name, an asterisk (*), empty, or missing. (Exception: Element 1 cannot be empty or missing.) In all cases, an element may be surrounded by whitespace characters and the entire list is enclosed in single quotes.

The type of value specified for element N in the list has implications for whether factor N must be present in account definitions, and which authentication plugins can be used:

If element N is an authentication plugin name, an authentication method for factor N is required and must use the named plugin.
In addition, the plugin becomes the default plugin for factor N authentication methods that do not name a plugin explicitly. For details, see The Default Authentication Plugin.
Authentication plugins that use internal credentials storage can be specified for the first element only, and cannot repeat. For example, the following settings are not permitted:
- authentication_policy = 'caching_sha2_password, sha256_password'
- authentication_policy = 'caching_sha2_password, authentication_fido, sha256_password'
If element N is an asterisk (*), an authentication method for factor N is required. It may use any authentication plugin that is valid for element N (as described later).
If element N is empty, an authentication method for factor N is optional. If given, it may use any authentication plugin that is valid for element N (as described later).
If element N is missing from the list (that is, there are fewer than N−1 commas in the value), an authentication method for factor N is forbidden. For example, a value of '*' permits only a single factor and thus enforces single-factor authentication (1FA) for new accounts created with CREATE USER or changes to existing accounts made with ALTER USER. In this case, such statements cannot specify authentication for factors 2 or 3.

When an authentication_policy element names an authentication plugin, the permitted plugin names for the element are subject to these conditions:

Element 1 must name a plugin that does not require a registration step. For example, authentication_fido cannot be named.
Elements 2 and 3 must name a plugin that does not use internal credentials storage.
For information about which authentication plugins use internal credentials storage, see Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

When authentication_policy element N is *, the permitted plugin names for factor N in account definitions are subject to these conditions:

For factor 1, account definitions can use any plugin. Default authentication plugin rules apply for authentication specifications that do not name a plugin. See The Default Authentication Plugin.
For factors 2 and 3, account definitions cannot name a plugin that uses internal credentials storage. For example, with '*,*', '*,*,*', '*,', '*,,' authentication_policy settings, plugins that use internal credentials storage are only permitted for the first factor and cannot repeat.

When authentication_policy element N is empty, the permitted plugin names for factor N in account definitions are subject to these conditions:

For factor 1, this does not apply because element 1 cannot be empty.
For factors 2 and 3, account definitions cannot name a plugin that uses internal credentials storage.

Empty elements must occur at the end of the list, following a nonempty element. In other words, the first element cannot be empty, and either no element is empty or the last element is empty or the last two elements are empty. For example, a value of ',,' is not permitted because it would signify that all factors are optional. That cannot be; accounts must have at least one authentication factor.

The default value of authentication_policy is '*,,'. This means that factor 1 is required in account definitions and can use any authentication plugin, and that factors 2 and 3 are optional and each can use any authentication plugin that does not use internal credentials storage.

The following table shows some authentication_policy values and the policy that each establishes for creating or altering accounts.

Table 7.4 Example authentication_policy Values

authentication_policy Value	Effective Policy
`'*'`	Permit only creating or altering accounts with one factor.
`','`	Permit only creating or altering accounts with two factors.
`',,*'`	Permit only creating or altering accounts with three factors.
`'*,'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with one or two factors.
`'*,,'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with one, two, or three factors.
`',,'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with two or three factors.
`'*,auth_plugin'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with two factors, where the first factor can be any authentication method, and the second factor must be the named plugin.
`'auth_plugin,*,'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with two or three factors, where the first factor must be the named plugin.
`'auth_plugin,'`	Permit creating or altering accounts with one or two factors, where the first factor must be the named plugin.
`'auth_plugin,auth_plugin,auth_plugin'`	Permits creating or altering accounts with three factors, where the factors must use the named plugins.

authentication_windows_log_level

Command-Line Format	`--authentication-windows-log-level=#`
System Variable	`authentication_windows_log_level`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`2`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4`

This variable is available only if the authentication_windows Windows authentication plugin is enabled and debugging code is enabled. See Section 8.4.1.6, “Windows Pluggable Authentication”.

This variable sets the logging level for the Windows authentication plugin. The following table shows the permitted values.

Value	Description
0	No logging
1	Log only error messages
2	Log level 1 messages and warning messages
3	Log level 2 messages and information notes
4	Log level 3 messages and debug messages

authentication_windows_use_principal_name

Command-Line Format	`--authentication-windows-use-principal-name[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`authentication_windows_use_principal_name`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This variable is available only if the authentication_windows Windows authentication plugin is enabled. See Section 8.4.1.6, “Windows Pluggable Authentication”.

A client that authenticates using the InitSecurityContext() function should provide a string identifying the service to which it connects (targetName). MySQL uses the principal name (UPN) of the account under which the server is running. The UPN has the form user_id@computer_name and need not be registered anywhere to be used. This UPN is sent by the server at the beginning of authentication handshake.

This variable controls whether the server sends the UPN in the initial challenge. By default, the variable is enabled. For security reasons, it can be disabled to avoid sending the server's account name to a client as cleartext. If the variable is disabled, the server always sends a 0x00 byte in the first challenge, the client does not specify targetName, and as a result, NTLM authentication is used.

If the server fails to obtain its UPN (which happens primarily in environments that do not support Kerberos authentication), the UPN is not sent by the server and NTLM authentication is used.

autocommit

Command-Line Format	`--autocommit[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`autocommit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

The autocommit mode. If set to 1, all changes to a table take effect immediately. If set to 0, you must use COMMIT to accept a transaction or ROLLBACK to cancel it. If autocommit is 0 and you change it to 1, MySQL performs an automatic COMMIT of any open transaction. Another way to begin a transaction is to use a START TRANSACTION or BEGIN statement. See Section 15.3.1, “START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements”.

By default, client connections begin with autocommit set to 1. To cause clients to begin with a default of 0, set the global autocommit value by starting the server with the --autocommit=0 option. To set the variable using an option file, include these lines:

[mysqld]
autocommit=0

automatic_sp_privileges

Command-Line Format	`--automatic-sp-privileges[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`automatic_sp_privileges`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

When this variable has a value of 1 (the default), the server automatically grants the EXECUTE and ALTER ROUTINE privileges to the creator of a stored routine, if the user cannot already execute and alter or drop the routine. (The ALTER ROUTINE privilege is required to drop the routine.) The server also automatically drops those privileges from the creator when the routine is dropped. If automatic_sp_privileges is 0, the server does not automatically add or drop these privileges.

The creator of a routine is the account used to execute the CREATE statement for it. This might not be the same as the account named as the DEFINER in the routine definition.

If you start mysqld with --skip-new, automatic_sp_privileges is set to OFF.

auto_generate_certs

Command-Line Format	`--auto-generate-certs[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`auto_generate_certs`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This variable controls whether the server autogenerates SSL key and certificate files in the data directory, if they do not already exist.

At startup, the server automatically generates server-side and client-side SSL certificate and key files in the data directory if the auto_generate_certs system variable is enabled, no SSL options other than --ssl are specified, and the server-side SSL files are missing from the data directory. These files enable secure client connections using SSL; see Section 8.3.1, “Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections”.

For more information about SSL file autogeneration, including file names and characteristics, see Section 8.3.3.1, “Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL”

The sha256_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys and caching_sha2_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys system variables are related but control autogeneration of RSA key-pair files needed for secure password exchange using RSA over unencrypted connections.

avoid_temporal_upgrade

Command-Line Format	`--avoid-temporal-upgrade[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`avoid_temporal_upgrade`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether ALTER TABLE implicitly upgrades temporal columns found to be in pre-5.6.4 format (TIME, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP columns without support for fractional seconds precision). Upgrading such columns requires a table rebuild, which prevents any use of fast alterations that might otherwise apply to the operation to be performed.

This variable is disabled by default. Enabling it causes ALTER TABLE not to rebuild temporal columns and thereby be able to take advantage of possible fast alterations.

This variable is deprecated; expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.

back_log

Command-Line Format	`--back-log=#`
System Variable	`back_log`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`-1` (signifies autosizing; do not assign this literal value)
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`65535`

The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This comes into play when the main MySQL thread gets very many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time.

In other words, this value is the size of the listen queue for incoming TCP/IP connections. Your operating system has its own limit on the size of this queue. The manual page for the Unix listen() system call should have more details. Check your OS documentation for the maximum value for this variable. back_log cannot be set higher than your operating system limit.

The default value is the value of max_connections, which enables the permitted backlog to adjust to the maximum permitted number of connections.

basedir

Command-Line Format	`--basedir=dir_name`
System Variable	`basedir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`parent of mysqld installation directory`

The path to the MySQL installation base directory.

big_tables

Command-Line Format	`--big-tables[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`big_tables`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If enabled, the server stores all temporary tables on disk rather than in memory. This prevents most The table tbl_name is full errors for SELECT operations that require a large temporary table, but also slows down queries for which in-memory tables would suffice.

The default value for new connections is OFF (use in-memory temporary tables). Normally, it should never be necessary to enable this variable. When in-memory internal temporary tables are managed by the TempTable storage engine (the default), and the maximum amount of memory that can be occupied by the TempTable storage engine is exceeded, the TempTable storage engine starts storing data to temporary files on disk. When in-memory temporary tables are managed by the MEMORY storage engine, in-memory tables are automatically converted to disk-based tables as required. For more information, see Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”.

bind_address

Command-Line Format	`--bind-address=addr`
System Variable	`bind_address`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`*`

The MySQL server listens on one or more network sockets for TCP/IP connections. Each socket is bound to one address, but it is possible for an address to map onto multiple network interfaces. To specify how the server should listen for TCP/IP connections, set the bind_address system variable at server startup. The server also has an admin_address system variable that enables administrative connections on a dedicated interface. See Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”.

If bind_address is specified, its value must satisfy these requirements:

Prior to MySQL 8.0.13, bind_address accepts a single address value, which may specify a single non-wildcard IP address or host name, or one of the wildcard address formats that permit listening on multiple network interfaces (*, 0.0.0.0, or ::).
As of MySQL 8.0.13, bind_address accepts either a single value as just described, or a list of comma-separated values. When the variable names a list of multiple values, each value must specify a single non-wildcard IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6) or a host name. Wildcard address formats (*, 0.0.0.0, or ::) are not allowed in a list of values.
As of MySQL 8.0.22, addresses may include a network namespace specifier.

IP addresses can be specified as IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. For any value that is a host name, the server resolves the name to an IP address and binds to that address. If a host name resolves to multiple IP addresses, the server uses the first IPv4 address if there are any, or the first IPv6 address otherwise.

The server treats different types of addresses as follows:

If the address is *, the server accepts TCP/IP connections on all server host IPv4 interfaces, and, if the server host supports IPv6, on all IPv6 interfaces. Use this address to permit both IPv4 and IPv6 connections on all server interfaces. This value is the default. If the variable specifies a list of multiple values, this value is not permitted.
If the address is 0.0.0.0, the server accepts TCP/IP connections on all server host IPv4 interfaces. If the variable specifies a list of multiple values, this value is not permitted.
If the address is ::, the server accepts TCP/IP connections on all server host IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces. If the variable specifies a list of multiple values, this value is not permitted.
If the address is an IPv4-mapped address, the server accepts TCP/IP connections for that address, in either IPv4 or IPv6 format. For example, if the server is bound to ::ffff:127.0.0.1, clients can connect using --host=127.0.0.1 or --host=::ffff:127.0.0.1.
If the address is a “regular” IPv4 or IPv6 address (such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1), the server accepts TCP/IP connections only for that IPv4 or IPv6 address.

These rules apply to specifying a network namespace for an address:

A network namespace can be specified for an IP address or a host name.
A network namespace cannot be specified for a wildcard IP address.
For a given address, the network namespace is optional. If given, it must be specified as a /ns suffix immediately following the address.
An address with no /ns suffix uses the host system global namespace. The global namespace is therefore the default.
An address with a /ns suffix uses the namespace named ns.
The host system must support network namespaces and each named namespace must previously have been set up. Naming a nonexistent namespace produces an error.
If the variable value specifies multiple addresses, it can include addresses in the global namespace, in named namespaces, or a mix.

For additional information about network namespaces, see Section 7.1.14, “Network Namespace Support”.

If binding to any address fails, the server produces an error and does not start.

Examples:

bind_address=*
The server listens on all IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, as specified by the * wildcard.
bind_address=198.51.100.20
The server listens only on the 198.51.100.20 IPv4 address.
bind_address=198.51.100.20,2001:db8:0:f101::1
The server listens on the 198.51.100.20 IPv4 address and the 2001:db8:0:f101::1 IPv6 address.
bind_address=198.51.100.20,*
This produces an error because wildcard addresses are not permitted when bind_address names a list of multiple values.
bind_address=198.51.100.20/red,2001:db8:0:f101::1/blue,192.0.2.50
The server listens on the 198.51.100.20 IPv4 address in the red namespace, the 2001:db8:0:f101::1 IPv6 address in the blue namespace, and the 192.0.2.50 IPv4 address in the global namespace.

When bind_address names a single value (wildcard or non-wildcard), the server listens on a single socket, which for a wildcard address may be bound to multiple network interfaces. When bind_address names a list of multiple values, the server listens on one socket per value, with each socket bound to a single network interface. The number of sockets is linear with the number of values specified. Depending on operating system connection-acceptance efficiency, long value lists might incur a performance penalty for accepting TCP/IP connections.

Because file descriptors are allocated for listening sockets and network namespace files, it may be necessary to increase the open_files_limit system variable.

If you intend to bind the server to a specific address, be sure that the mysql.user system table contains an account with administrative privileges that you can use to connect to that address. Otherwise, you cannot shut down the server. For example, if you bind the server to *, you can connect to it using all existing accounts. But if you bind the server to ::1, it accepts connections only on that address. In that case, first make sure that the 'root'@'::1' account is present in the mysql.user table so you can still connect to the server to shut it down.

block_encryption_mode

Command-Line Format	`--block-encryption-mode=#`
System Variable	`block_encryption_mode`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`aes-128-ecb`

This variable controls the block encryption mode for block-based algorithms such as AES. It affects encryption for AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT().

block_encryption_mode takes a value in aes-keylen-mode format, where keylen is the key length in bits and mode is the encryption mode. The value is not case-sensitive. Permitted keylen values are 128, 192, and 256. Permitted mode values are ECB, CBC, CFB1, CFB8, CFB128, and OFB.

For example, this statement causes the AES encryption functions to use a key length of 256 bits and the CBC mode:

SET block_encryption_mode = 'aes-256-cbc';

An error occurs for attempts to set block_encryption_mode to a value containing an unsupported key length or a mode that the SSL library does not support.

build_id

Introduced	8.0.31
System Variable	`build_id`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Linux

This is a 160-bit SHA1 signature which is generated by the linker when compiling the server on Linux systems with -DWITH_BUILD_ID=ON (enabled by default), and converted to a hexadecimal string. This read-only value serves as a unique build ID, and is written into the server log at startup.

build_id is not supported on platforms other than Linux.

bulk_insert_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--bulk-insert-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`bulk_insert_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8388608`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes/thread

MyISAM uses a special tree-like cache to make bulk inserts faster for INSERT ... SELECT, INSERT ... VALUES (...), (...), ..., and LOAD DATA when adding data to nonempty tables. This variable limits the size of the cache tree in bytes per thread. Setting it to 0 disables this optimization. The default value is 8MB.

As of MySQL 8.0.14, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

caching_sha2_password_digest_rounds

Command-Line Format	`--caching-sha2-password-digest-rounds=#`
Introduced	8.0.24
System Variable	`caching_sha2_password_digest_rounds`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`5000`
Minimum Value	`5000`
Maximum Value	`4095000`

The number of hash rounds used by the caching_sha2_password authentication plugin for password storage.

Increasing the number of hashing rounds above the default value incurs a performance penalty that correlates with the amount of increase:

Creating an account that uses the caching_sha2_password plugin has no impact on the client session within which the account is created, but the server must perform the hashing rounds to complete the operation.
For client connections that use the account, the server must perform the hashing rounds and save the result in the cache. The result is longer login time for the first client connection, but not for subsequent connections. This behavior occurs after each server restart.

caching_sha2_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys

Command-Line Format	`--caching-sha2-password-auto-generate-rsa-keys[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`caching_sha2_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

The server uses this variable to determine whether to autogenerate RSA private/public key-pair files in the data directory if they do not already exist.

At startup, the server automatically generates RSA private/public key-pair files in the data directory if all of these conditions are true: The sha256_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys or caching_sha2_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys system variable is enabled; no RSA options are specified; the RSA files are missing from the data directory. These key-pair files enable secure password exchange using RSA over unencrypted connections for accounts authenticated by the sha256_password or caching_sha2_password plugin; see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”, and Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

For more information about RSA file autogeneration, including file names and characteristics, see Section 8.3.3.1, “Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL”

The auto_generate_certs system variable is related but controls autogeneration of SSL certificate and key files needed for secure connections using SSL.

caching_sha2_password_private_key_path

Command-Line Format	`--caching-sha2-password-private-key-path=file_name`
System Variable	`caching_sha2_password_private_key_path`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`private_key.pem`

This variable specifies the path name of the RSA private key file for the caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. If the file is named as a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the server data directory. The file must be in PEM format.

Important

Because this file stores a private key, its access mode should be restricted so that only the MySQL server can read it.

For information about caching_sha2_password, see Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

caching_sha2_password_public_key_path

Command-Line Format	`--caching-sha2-password-public-key-path=file_name`
System Variable	`caching_sha2_password_public_key_path`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`public_key.pem`

This variable specifies the path name of the RSA public key file for the caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. If the file is named as a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the server data directory. The file must be in PEM format.

For information about caching_sha2_password, including information about how clients request the RSA public key, see Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

character_set_client

System Variable	`character_set_client`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4`

The character set for statements that arrive from the client. The session value of this variable is set using the character set requested by the client when the client connects to the server. (Many clients support a --default-character-set option to enable this character set to be specified explicitly. See also Section 12.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”.) The global value of the variable is used to set the session value in cases when the client-requested value is unknown or not available, or the server is configured to ignore client requests:

The client requests a character set not known to the server. For example, a Japanese-enabled client requests sjis when connecting to a server not configured with sjis support.
The client is from a version of MySQL older than MySQL 4.1, and thus does not request a character set.
mysqld was started with the --skip-character-set-client-handshake option, which causes it to ignore client character set configuration.

Some character sets cannot be used as the client character set. Attempting to use them as the character_set_client value produces an error. See Impermissible Client Character Sets.

character_set_connection

System Variable	`character_set_connection`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4`

The character set used for literals specified without a character set introducer and for number-to-string conversion. For information about introducers, see Section 12.3.8, “Character Set Introducers”.

character_set_database

System Variable	`character_set_database`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4`
Footnote	This option is dynamic, but should be set only by server. You should not set this variable manually.

The character set used by the default database. The server sets this variable whenever the default database changes. If there is no default database, the variable has the same value as character_set_server.

As of MySQL 8.0.14, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

The global character_set_database and collation_database system variables are deprecated; expect them to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

Assigning a value to the session character_set_database and collation_database system variables is deprecated and assignments produce a warning. Expect the session variables to become read-only (and assignments to them to produce an error) in a future version of MySQL in which it remains possible to access the session variables to determine the database character set and collation for the default database.

character_set_filesystem

Command-Line Format	`--character-set-filesystem=name`
System Variable	`character_set_filesystem`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`binary`

The file system character set. This variable is used to interpret string literals that refer to file names, such as in the LOAD DATA and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE statements and the LOAD_FILE() function. Such file names are converted from character_set_client to character_set_filesystem before the file opening attempt occurs. The default value is binary, which means that no conversion occurs. For systems on which multibyte file names are permitted, a different value may be more appropriate. For example, if the system represents file names using UTF-8, set character_set_filesystem to 'utf8mb4'.

As of MySQL 8.0.14, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

character_set_results

System Variable	`character_set_results`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4`

The character set used for returning query results to the client. This includes result data such as column values, result metadata such as column names, and error messages.

character_set_server

Command-Line Format	`--character-set-server=name`
System Variable	`character_set_server`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4`

The servers default character set. See Section 12.15, “Character Set Configuration”. If you set this variable, you should also set collation_server to specify the collation for the character set.

character_set_system

System Variable	`character_set_system`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb3`

The character set used by the server for storing identifiers. The value is always utf8mb3.

character_sets_dir

Command-Line Format	`--character-sets-dir=dir_name`
System Variable	`character_sets_dir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name

The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 12.15, “Character Set Configuration”.

check_proxy_users

Command-Line Format	`--check-proxy-users[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`check_proxy_users`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Some authentication plugins implement proxy user mapping for themselves (for example, the PAM and Windows authentication plugins). Other authentication plugins do not support proxy users by default. Of these, some can request that the MySQL server itself map proxy users according to granted proxy privileges: mysql_native_password, sha256_password.

If the check_proxy_users system variable is enabled, the server performs proxy user mapping for any authentication plugins that make such a request. However, it may also be necessary to enable plugin-specific system variables to take advantage of server proxy user mapping support:

For the mysql_native_password plugin, enable mysql_native_password_proxy_users.
For the sha256_password plugin, enable sha256_password_proxy_users.

For information about user proxying, see Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

collation_connection

System Variable	`collation_connection`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The collation of the connection character set. collation_connection is important for comparisons of literal strings. For comparisons of strings with column values, collation_connection does not matter because columns have their own collation, which has a higher collation precedence (see Section 12.8.4, “Collation Coercibility in Expressions”).

In MySQL 8.0.33 and later, using the name of a user-defined collation for this variable raises a warning.

collation_database

System Variable	`collation_database`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci`
Footnote	This option is dynamic, but should be set only by server. You should not set this variable manually.

The collation used by the default database. The server sets this variable whenever the default database changes. If there is no default database, the variable has the same value as collation_server.

As of MySQL 8.0.18, setting the session value of this system variable is no longer a restricted operation.

The global character_set_database and collation_database system variables are deprecated; expect them to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

Assigning a value to the session character_set_database and collation_database system variables is deprecated and assignments produce a warning. Expect the session variables to become read-only (and assignments to produce an error) in a future version of MySQL in which it remains possible to access the session variables to determine the database character set and collation for the default database.

In MySQL 8.0.33 and later, using the name of a user-defined collation for collation_database raises a warning.

collation_server

Command-Line Format	`--collation-server=name`
System Variable	`collation_server`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci`

The server's default collation. See Section 12.15, “Character Set Configuration”.

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.33, setting this to the name of a user-defined collation raises a warning.

completion_type

Command-Line Format	`--completion-type=#`
System Variable	`completion_type`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`NO_CHAIN`
Valid Values	`NO_CHAIN` `CHAIN` `RELEASE` `0` `1` `2`

The transaction completion type. This variable can take the values shown in the following table. The variable can be assigned using either the name values or corresponding integer values.

Value	Description
`NO_CHAIN` (or 0)	`COMMIT` and `ROLLBACK` are unaffected. This is the default value.
`CHAIN` (or 1)	`COMMIT` and `ROLLBACK` are equivalent to `COMMIT AND CHAIN` and `ROLLBACK AND CHAIN`, respectively. (A new transaction starts immediately with the same isolation level as the just-terminated transaction.)
`RELEASE` (or 2)	`COMMIT` and `ROLLBACK` are equivalent to `COMMIT RELEASE` and `ROLLBACK RELEASE`, respectively. (The server disconnects after terminating the transaction.)

completion_type affects transactions that begin with START TRANSACTION or BEGIN and end with COMMIT or ROLLBACK. It does not apply to implicit commits resulting from execution of the statements listed in Section 15.3.3, “Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit”. It also does not apply for XA COMMIT, XA ROLLBACK, or when autocommit=1.

component_scheduler.enabled

Command-Line Format	`--component-scheduler.enabled[=value]`
Introduced	8.0.34
System Variable	`component_scheduler.enabled`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

When set to OFF at startup, the background thread does not start. Tasks can still be scheduled, but they do not run until component_scheduler is enabled. When set to ON at startup, the component is fully operational.

It is also possible to set the value dynamically to get the following effects:

ON starts the background thread that begins servicing the queue immediately.
OFF signals a termination of the background thread, which waits for it to end. The background thread checks the termination flag before accessing the queue to check for tasks to execute.

concurrent_insert

Command-Line Format	`--concurrent-insert[=value]`
System Variable	`concurrent_insert`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`AUTO`
Valid Values	`NEVER` `AUTO` `ALWAYS` `0` `1` `2`

If AUTO (the default), MySQL permits INSERT and SELECT statements to run concurrently for MyISAM tables that have no free blocks in the middle of the data file.

This variable can take the values shown in the following table. The variable can be assigned using either the name values or corresponding integer values.

Value	Description
`NEVER` (or 0)	Disables concurrent inserts
`AUTO` (or 1)	(Default) Enables concurrent insert for `MyISAM` tables that do not have holes
`ALWAYS` (or 2)	Enables concurrent inserts for all `MyISAM` tables, even those that have holes. For a table with a hole, new rows are inserted at the end of the table if it is in use by another thread. Otherwise, MySQL acquires a normal write lock and inserts the row into the hole.

If you start mysqld with --skip-new, concurrent_insert is set to NEVER.

connect_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--connect-timeout=#`
System Variable	`connect_timeout`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`10`
Minimum Value	`2`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

The number of seconds that the mysqld server waits for a connect packet before responding with Bad handshake. The default value is 10 seconds.

Increasing the connect_timeout value might help if clients frequently encounter errors of the form Lost connection to MySQL server at 'XXX', system error: errno.

connection_memory_chunk_size

Command-Line Format	`--connection-memory-chunk-size=#`
Introduced	8.0.28
System Variable	`connection_memory_chunk_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (≥ 8.0.34)	`8192`
Default Value (≥ 8.0.28, ≤ 8.0.33)	`8912`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`536870912`
Unit	bytes

Set the chunking size for updates to the global memory usage counter Global_connection_memory. The status variable is updated only when total memory consumption by all user connections changes by more than this amount. Disable updates by setting connection_memory_chunk_size = 0.

The memory calculation is exclusive of any memory used by system users such as the MySQL root user. Memory used by the InnoDB buffer pool is also not included.

You must have the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN or SUPER privilege to set this variable.

connection_memory_limit

Command-Line Format	`--connection-memory-limit=#`
Introduced	8.0.28
System Variable	`connection_memory_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`18446744073709551615`
Minimum Value	`2097152`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`
Unit	bytes

Set the maximum amount of memory that can be used by a single user connection. If any user connection uses more than this amount, all queries from this connection are rejected with ER_CONN_LIMIT, including any queries currently running.

The limit set by this variable does not apply to system users, or to the MySQL root account. Memory used by the InnoDB buffer pool is also not included.

You must have the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN or SUPER privilege to set this variable.

core_file

System Variable	`core_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether to write a core file if the server unexpectedly exits. This variable is set by the --core-file option.

create_admin_listener_thread

Command-Line Format	`--create-admin-listener-thread[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`create_admin_listener_thread`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether to use a dedicated listening thread for client connections on the administrative network interface (see Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”). The default is OFF; that is, the manager thread for ordinary connections on the main interface also handles connections for the administrative interface.

Depending on factors such as platform type and workload, you may find one setting for this variable yields better performance than the other setting.

Setting create_admin_listener_thread has no effect if admin_address is not specified because in that case the server maintains no administrative network interface.

cte_max_recursion_depth

Command-Line Format	`--cte-max-recursion-depth=#`
System Variable	`cte_max_recursion_depth`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1000`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

The common table expression (CTE) maximum recursion depth. The server terminates execution of any CTE that recurses more levels than the value of this variable. For more information, see Limiting Common Table Expression Recursion.

datadir

Command-Line Format	`--datadir=dir_name`
System Variable	`datadir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name

The path to the MySQL server data directory. Relative paths are resolved with respect to the current directory. If you expect the server to be started automatically (that is, in contexts for which you cannot know the current directory in advance), it is best to specify the datadir value as an absolute path.

debug

Command-Line Format	`--debug[=debug_options]`
System Variable	`debug`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value (Unix)	`d:t:i:o,/tmp/mysqld.trace`
Default Value (Windows)	`d:t:i:O,\mysqld.trace`

This variable indicates the current debugging settings. It is available only for servers built with debugging support. The initial value comes from the value of instances of the --debug option given at server startup. The global and session values may be set at runtime.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

Assigning a value that begins with + or - cause the value to added to or subtracted from the current value:

mysql> SET debug = 'T';
mysql> SELECT @@debug;
+---------+
| @@debug |
+---------+
| T       |
+---------+

mysql> SET debug = '+P';
mysql> SELECT @@debug;
+---------+
| @@debug |
+---------+
| P:T     |
+---------+

mysql> SET debug = '-P';
mysql> SELECT @@debug;
+---------+
| @@debug |
+---------+
| T       |
+---------+

For more information, see Section 7.9.4, “The DBUG Package”.

debug_sync

System Variable	`debug_sync`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

This variable is the user interface to the Debug Sync facility. Use of Debug Sync requires that MySQL be configured with the -DWITH_DEBUG=ON CMake option (see Section 2.8.7, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”); otherwise, this system variable is not available.

The global variable value is read only and indicates whether the facility is enabled. By default, Debug Sync is disabled and the value of debug_sync is OFF. If the server is started with --debug-sync-timeout=N, where N is a timeout value greater than 0, Debug Sync is enabled and the value of debug_sync is ON - current signal followed by the signal name. Also, N becomes the default timeout for individual synchronization points.

The session value can be read by any user and has the same value as the global variable. The session value can be set to control synchronization points.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

For a description of the Debug Sync facility and how to use synchronization points, see MySQL Server Doxygen Documentation.

default_authentication_plugin

Command-Line Format	`--default-authentication-plugin=plugin_name`
Deprecated	8.0.27
System Variable	`default_authentication_plugin`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`caching_sha2_password`
Valid Values	`mysql_native_password` `sha256_password` `caching_sha2_password`

The default authentication plugin. This must be a plugin that uses internal credentials storage, so these values are permitted:

mysql_native_password: Use MySQL native passwords; see Section 8.4.1.1, “Native Pluggable Authentication”.
sha256_password: Use SHA-256 passwords; see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”.
caching_sha2_password: Use SHA-256 passwords; see Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

For information about which authentication plugins use internal credentials storage, see Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

Note

In MySQL 8.0, caching_sha2_password is the default authentication plugin rather than mysql_native_password. For information about the implications of this change for server operation and compatibility of the server with clients and connectors, see caching_sha2_password as the Preferred Authentication Plugin.

Prior to MySQL 8.0.27, the default_authentication_plugin value affects these aspects of server operation:

It determines which authentication plugin the server assigns to new accounts created by CREATE USER statements that do not explicitly specify an authentication plugin.
For an account created with a statement of the following form, the server associates the account with the default authentication plugin and assigns the account the given password, hashed as required by that plugin:
```
CREATE USER ... IDENTIFIED BY 'cleartext password';
```

As of MySQL 8.0.27, which introduces multifactor authentication, default_authentication_plugin is still used, but in conjunction with and at a lower precedence than the authentication_policy system variable. For details, see The Default Authentication Plugin. Because of this diminished role, default_authentication_plugin is deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.27 and subject to removal in a future MySQL version.

default_collation_for_utf8mb4

System Variable	`default_collation_for_utf8mb4`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci`
Valid Values	`utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci` `utf8mb4_general_ci`

Important

The default_collation_for_utf8mb4 system variable is for internal use by MySQL Replication only.

This variable is set by the server to the default collation for the utf8mb4 character set. The value of the variable is replicated from a source to a replica so that the replica can correctly process data originating from a source with a different default collation for utf8mb4. This variable is primarily intended to support replication from a MySQL 5.7 or older replication source server to a MySQL 8.0 replica server, or group replication with a MySQL 5.7 primary node and one or more MySQL 8.0 secondaries. The default collation for utf8mb4 in MySQL 5.7 is utf8mb4_general_ci, but utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci in MySQL 8.0. The variable is not present in releases earlier than MySQL 8.0, so if the replica does not receive a value for the variable, it assumes the source is from an earlier release and sets the value to the previous default collation utf8mb4_general_ci.

As of MySQL 8.0.18, setting the session value of this system variable is no longer a restricted operation.

The default utf8mb4 collation is used in the following statements:

SHOW COLLATION and SHOW CHARACTER SET.
CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE having a CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 clause without a COLLATION clause, either for the table character set or for a column character set.
CREATE DATABASE and ALTER DATABASE having a CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 clause without a COLLATION clause.
Any statement containing a string literal of the form _utf8mb4'some text' without a COLLATE clause.

default_password_lifetime

Command-Line Format	`--default-password-lifetime=#`
System Variable	`default_password_lifetime`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65535`
Unit	days

This variable defines the global automatic password expiration policy. The default default_password_lifetime value is 0, which disables automatic password expiration. If the value of default_password_lifetime is a positive integer N, it indicates the permitted password lifetime; passwords must be changed every N days.

The global password expiration policy can be overridden as desired for individual accounts using the password expiration option of the CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements. See Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

default_storage_engine

Command-Line Format	`--default-storage-engine=name`
System Variable	`default_storage_engine`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`InnoDB`

The default storage engine for tables. See Chapter 18, Alternative Storage Engines. This variable sets the storage engine for permanent tables only. To set the storage engine for TEMPORARY tables, set the default_tmp_storage_engine system variable.

To see which storage engines are available and enabled, use the SHOW ENGINES statement or query the INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES table.

If you disable the default storage engine at server startup, you must set the default engine for both permanent and TEMPORARY tables to a different engine, or else the server does not start.

default_table_encryption

Command-Line Format	`--default-table-encryption[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.16
System Variable	`default_table_encryption`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Defines the default encryption setting applied to schemas and general tablespaces when they are created without specifying an ENCRYPTION clause.

The default_table_encryption variable is only applicable to user-created schemas and general tablespaces. It does not govern encryption of the mysql system tablespace.

Setting the runtime value of default_table_encryption requires the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN and TABLE_ENCRYPTION_ADMIN privileges, or the deprecated SUPER privilege.

default_table_encryption supports SET PERSIST and SET PERSIST_ONLY syntax. See Section 7.1.9.3, “Persisted System Variables”.

For more information, see Defining an Encryption Default for Schemas and General Tablespaces.

default_tmp_storage_engine

Command-Line Format	`--default-tmp-storage-engine=name`
System Variable	`default_tmp_storage_engine`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`InnoDB`

The default storage engine for TEMPORARY tables (created with CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE). To set the storage engine for permanent tables, set the default_storage_engine system variable. Also see the discussion of that variable regarding possible values.

If you disable the default storage engine at server startup, you must set the default engine for both permanent and TEMPORARY tables to a different engine, or else the server does not start.

default_week_format

Command-Line Format	`--default-week-format=#`
System Variable	`default_week_format`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`7`

The default mode value to use for the WEEK() function. See Section 14.7, “Date and Time Functions”.

delay_key_write

Command-Line Format	`--delay-key-write[={OFF\|ON\|ALL}]`
System Variable	`delay_key_write`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`ON`
Valid Values	`OFF` `ON` `ALL`

This variable specifies how to use delayed key writes. It applies only to MyISAM tables. Delayed key writing causes key buffers not to be flushed between writes. See also Section 18.2.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”.

This variable can have one of the following values to affect handling of the DELAY_KEY_WRITE table option that can be used in CREATE TABLE statements.

Option	Description
`OFF`	`DELAY_KEY_WRITE` is ignored.
`ON`	MySQL honors any `DELAY_KEY_WRITE` option specified in `CREATE TABLE` statements. This is the default value.
`ALL`	All new opened tables are treated as if they were created with the `DELAY_KEY_WRITE` option enabled.

Note

If you set this variable to ALL, you should not use MyISAM tables from within another program (such as another MySQL server or myisamchk) when the tables are in use. Doing so leads to index corruption.

If DELAY_KEY_WRITE is enabled for a table, the key buffer is not flushed for the table on every index update, but only when the table is closed. This speeds up writes on keys a lot, but if you use this feature, you should add automatic checking of all MyISAM tables by starting the server with the myisam_recover_options system variable set (for example, myisam_recover_options='BACKUP,FORCE'). See Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”, and Section 18.2.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”.

If you start mysqld with --skip-new, delay_key_write is set to OFF.

Warning

If you enable external locking with --external-locking, there is no protection against index corruption for tables that use delayed key writes.

delayed_insert_limit

Command-Line Format	`--delayed-insert-limit=#`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`delayed_insert_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`100`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

This system variable is deprecated (because DELAYED inserts are not supported), and you should expect it to be removed in a future release.

delayed_insert_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--delayed-insert-timeout=#`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`delayed_insert_timeout`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`300`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

This system variable is deprecated (because DELAYED inserts are not supported), and you should expect it to be removed in a future release.

delayed_queue_size

Command-Line Format	`--delayed-queue-size=#`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`delayed_queue_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1000`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

This system variable is deprecated (because DELAYED inserts are not supported), and you should expect it to be removed in a future release.

disabled_storage_engines

Command-Line Format	`--disabled-storage-engines=engine[,engine]...`
System Variable	`disabled_storage_engines`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

This variable indicates which storage engines cannot be used to create tables or tablespaces. For example, to prevent new MyISAM or FEDERATED tables from being created, start the server with these lines in the server option file:

[mysqld]
disabled_storage_engines="MyISAM,FEDERATED"

By default, disabled_storage_engines is empty (no engines disabled), but it can be set to a comma-separated list of one or more engines (not case-sensitive). Any engine named in the value cannot be used to create tables or tablespaces with CREATE TABLE or CREATE TABLESPACE, and cannot be used with ALTER TABLE ... ENGINE or ALTER TABLESPACE ... ENGINE to change the storage engine of existing tables or tablespaces. Attempts to do so result in an ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE error.

disabled_storage_engines does not restrict other DDL statements for existing tables, such as CREATE INDEX, TRUNCATE TABLE, ANALYZE TABLE, DROP TABLE, or DROP TABLESPACE. This permits a smooth transition so that existing tables or tablespaces that use a disabled engine can be migrated to a permitted engine by means such as ALTER TABLE ... ENGINE permitted_engine.

It is permitted to set the default_storage_engine or default_tmp_storage_engine system variable to a storage engine that is disabled. This could cause applications to behave erratically or fail, although that might be a useful technique in a development environment for identifying applications that use disabled engines, so that they can be modified.

disabled_storage_engines is disabled and has no effect if the server is started with any of these options: --initialize, --initialize-insecure, --skip-grant-tables.

Note

Setting disabled_storage_engines might cause an issue with mysql_upgrade. For details, see Section 6.4.5, “mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables”.

disconnect_on_expired_password

Command-Line Format	`--disconnect-on-expired-password[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`disconnect_on_expired_password`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This variable controls how the server handles clients with expired passwords:

If the client indicates that it can handle expired passwords, the value of disconnect_on_expired_password is irrelevant. The server permits the client to connect but puts it in sandbox mode.
If the client does not indicate that it can handle expired passwords, the server handles the client according to the value of disconnect_on_expired_password:
- If disconnect_on_expired_password: is enabled, the server disconnects the client.
- If disconnect_on_expired_password: is disabled, the server permits the client to connect but puts it in sandbox mode.

For more information about the interaction of client and server settings relating to expired-password handling, see Section 8.2.16, “Server Handling of Expired Passwords”.

div_precision_increment

Command-Line Format	`--div-precision-increment=#`
System Variable	`div_precision_increment`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`30`

This variable indicates the number of digits by which to increase the scale of the result of division operations performed with the / operator. The default value is 4. The minimum and maximum values are 0 and 30, respectively. The following example illustrates the effect of increasing the default value.

mysql> SELECT 1/7;
+--------+
| 1/7    |
+--------+
| 0.1429 |
+--------+
mysql> SET div_precision_increment = 12;
mysql> SELECT 1/7;
+----------------+
| 1/7            |
+----------------+
| 0.142857142857 |
+----------------+

dragnet.log_error_filter_rules

Command-Line Format	`--dragnet.log-error-filter-rules=value`
System Variable	`dragnet.log_error_filter_rules`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`IF prio>=INFORMATION THEN drop. IF EXISTS source_line THEN unset source_line.`

The filter rules that control operation of the log_filter_dragnet error log filter component. If log_filter_dragnet is not installed, dragnet.log_error_filter_rules is unavailable. If log_filter_dragnet is installed but not enabled, changes to dragnet.log_error_filter_rules have no effect.

The effect of the default value is similar to the filtering performed by the log_sink_internal filter with a setting of log_error_verbosity=2.

As of MySQL 8.0.12, the dragnet.Status status variable can be consulted to determine the result of the most recent assignment to dragnet.log_error_filter_rules.

Prior to MySQL 8.0.12, successful assignments to dragnet.log_error_filter_rules at runtime produce a note confirming the new value:

mysql> SET GLOBAL dragnet.log_error_filter_rules = 'IF prio <> 0 THEN unset prio.';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW WARNINGS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
  Level: Note
   Code: 4569
Message: filter configuration accepted:
         SET @@GLOBAL.dragnet.log_error_filter_rules=
         'IF prio!=ERROR THEN unset prio.';

The value displayed by SHOW WARNINGS indicates the “decompiled” canonical representation after the rule set has been successfully parsed and compiled into internal form. Semantically, this canonical form is identical to the value assigned to dragnet.log_error_filter_rules, but there may be some differences between the assigned and canonical values, as illustrated by the preceding example:

The <> operator is changed to !=.
The numeric priority of 0 is changed to the corresponding priority symbol ERROR.
Optional spaces are removed.

For additional information, see Section 7.4.2.4, “Types of Error Log Filtering”, and Section 7.5.3, “Error Log Components”.

enterprise_encryption.maximum_rsa_key_size

Command-Line Format	`--enterprise-encryption.maximum-rsa-key-size=#`
Introduced	8.0.30
System Variable	`enterprise_encryption.maximum_rsa_key_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4096`
Minimum Value	`2048`
Maximum Value	`16384`

This variable limits the maximum size of RSA keys generated by MySQL Enterprise Encryption. The variable is available only if the MySQL Enterprise Encryption component component_enterprise_encryption is installed, which is available from MySQL 8.0.30. The variable is not available if the openssl_udf shared library is used to provide MySQL Enterprise Encryption functions.

The lowest setting is 2048 bits, which is the minimum RSA key length that is acceptable by current best practice. The default setting is 4096 bits. The highest setting is 16384 bits. Generating longer keys can consume significant CPU resources, so you can use this setting to limit keys to a length that provides adequate security for your requirements while balancing this with resource usage. Note that the functions provided by the openssl_udf shared library allow key lengths starting at 1024 bits, and following an upgrade to the component, the minimum key length is greater than this. See Section 8.6.2, “Configuring MySQL Enterprise Encryption” for more information.

enterprise_encryption.rsa_support_legacy_padding

Command-Line Format	`--enterprise-encryption.rsa_support_legacy_padding[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.30
System Variable	`enterprise_encryption.rsa_support_legacy_padding`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether encrypted data and signatures that MySQL Enterprise Encryption produced with the openssl_udf shared library functions used before MySQL 8.0.30, can be decrypted or verified by the functions of the MySQL Enterprise Encryption component component_enterprise_encryption, which is available from MySQL 8.0.30. The variable is available only if the MySQL Enterprise Encryption component is installed, and it is not available if the openssl_udf shared library is used to provide MySQL Enterprise Encryption functions.

For the component functions to support decryption and verification for content produced by the legacy openssl_udf shared library functions, you must set the system variable padding to ON. When ON is set, if the component functions cannot decrypt or verify content when assuming it has the RSAES-OAEP or RSASSA-PSS scheme (as used by the component), they make another attempt assuming it has the RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 or RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 scheme (as used by the openssl_udf shared library functions). When OFF is set, if the component functions cannot decrypt or verify content using their normal schemes, they return null output. See Section 8.6.2, “Configuring MySQL Enterprise Encryption” for more information.

end_markers_in_json

Command-Line Format	`--end-markers-in-json[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`end_markers_in_json`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether optimizer JSON output should add end markers. See MySQL Internals: The end_markers_in_json System Variable.

eq_range_index_dive_limit

Command-Line Format	`--eq-range-index-dive-limit=#`
System Variable	`eq_range_index_dive_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`200`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

This variable indicates the number of equality ranges in an equality comparison condition when the optimizer should switch from using index dives to index statistics in estimating the number of qualifying rows. It applies to evaluation of expressions that have either of these equivalent forms, where the optimizer uses a nonunique index to look up col_name values:

col_name IN(val1, ..., valN)
col_name = val1 OR ... OR col_name = valN

In both cases, the expression contains N equality ranges. The optimizer can make row estimates using index dives or index statistics. If eq_range_index_dive_limit is greater than 0, the optimizer uses existing index statistics instead of index dives if there are eq_range_index_dive_limit or more equality ranges. Thus, to permit use of index dives for up to N equality ranges, set eq_range_index_dive_limit to N + 1. To disable use of index statistics and always use index dives regardless of N, set eq_range_index_dive_limit to 0.

For more information, see Equality Range Optimization of Many-Valued Comparisons.

To update table index statistics for best estimates, use ANALYZE TABLE.

error_count

The number of errors that resulted from the last statement that generated messages. This variable is read only. See Section 15.7.7.17, “SHOW ERRORS Statement”.

event_scheduler

Command-Line Format	`--event-scheduler[=value]`
System Variable	`event_scheduler`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`ON`
Valid Values	`ON` `OFF` `DISABLED`

This variable enables or disables, and starts or stops, the Event Scheduler. The possible status values are ON, OFF, and DISABLED. Turning the Event Scheduler OFF is not the same as disabling the Event Scheduler, which requires setting the status to DISABLED. This variable and its effects on the Event Scheduler's operation are discussed in greater detail in Section 27.4.2, “Event Scheduler Configuration”

explain_format

Command-Line Format	`--explain-format=format`
Introduced	8.0.32
System Variable	`explain_format`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`TRADITIONAL`
Valid Values	`TRADITIONAL (DEFAULT)` `JSON` `TREE`

This variable determines the default output format used by EXPLAIN in the absence of a FORMAT option when displaying a query execution plan. Possible values and their effects are listed here:

TRADITIONAL: Use MySQL's traditional table-based output, as if FORMAT=TRADITIONAL had been specified as part of the EXPLAIN statement. This is the variable's default value. DEFAULT is also supported as a synonym for TRADITIONAL, and has exactly the same effect.

Note

DEFAULT cannot be used as part of an EXPLAIN statement's FORMAT option.
JSON: Use the JSON output format, as if FORMAT=JSON had been specified.
TREE: Use the tree-based output format, as if FORMAT=TREE had been specified.

The setting for this variable also affects EXPLAIN ANALYZE. For this purpose, DEFAULT and TRADITIONAL are interpeted as TREE. If the value of explain_format is JSON and an EXPLAIN ANALYZE statement having no FORMAT option is issued, the statement raises an error (ER_NOT_SUPPORTED_YET).

Using a format specifier with EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN ANALYZE overrides any setting for explain_format.

The explain_format system variable has no effect on EXPLAIN output when this statement is used to display information about table columns.

Setting the session value of explain_format requires no special privileges; setting it on the global level requires SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN (or the deprecated SUPER privilege). See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

For more information and examples, see Obtaining Execution Plan Information.

explicit_defaults_for_timestamp

Command-Line Format	`--explicit-defaults-for-timestamp[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`explicit_defaults_for_timestamp`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This system variable determines whether the server enables certain nonstandard behaviors for default values and NULL-value handling in TIMESTAMP columns. By default, explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is enabled, which disables the nonstandard behaviors. Disabling explicit_defaults_for_timestamp results in a warning.

As of MySQL 8.0.18, setting the session value of this system variable is no longer a restricted operation.

If explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is disabled, the server enables the nonstandard behaviors and handles TIMESTAMP columns as follows:

TIMESTAMP columns not explicitly declared with the NULL attribute are automatically declared with the NOT NULL attribute. Assigning such a column a value of NULL is permitted and sets the column to the current timestamp. Exception: As of MySQL 8.0.22, attempting to insert NULL into a generated column declared as TIMESTAMP NOT NULL is rejected with an error.
The first TIMESTAMP column in a table, if not explicitly declared with the NULL attribute or an explicit DEFAULT or ON UPDATE attribute, is automatically declared with the DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP attributes.
TIMESTAMP columns following the first one, if not explicitly declared with the NULL attribute or an explicit DEFAULT attribute, are automatically declared as DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00' (the “zero” timestamp). For inserted rows that specify no explicit value for such a column, the column is assigned '0000-00-00 00:00:00' and no warning occurs.
Depending on whether strict SQL mode or the NO_ZERO_DATE SQL mode is enabled, a default value of '0000-00-00 00:00:00' may be invalid. Be aware that the TRADITIONAL SQL mode includes strict mode and NO_ZERO_DATE. See Section 7.1.11, “Server SQL Modes”.

The nonstandard behaviors just described are deprecated; expect them to be removed in a future MySQL release.

If explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is enabled, the server disables the nonstandard behaviors and handles TIMESTAMP columns as follows:

It is not possible to assign a TIMESTAMP column a value of NULL to set it to the current timestamp. To assign the current timestamp, set the column to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP or a synonym such as NOW().
TIMESTAMP columns not explicitly declared with the NOT NULL attribute are automatically declared with the NULL attribute and permit NULL values. Assigning such a column a value of NULL sets it to NULL, not the current timestamp.
TIMESTAMP columns declared with the NOT NULL attribute do not permit NULL values. For inserts that specify NULL for such a column, the result is either an error for a single-row insert if strict SQL mode is enabled, or '0000-00-00 00:00:00' is inserted for multiple-row inserts with strict SQL mode disabled. In no case does assigning the column a value of NULL set it to the current timestamp.
TIMESTAMP columns explicitly declared with the NOT NULL attribute and without an explicit DEFAULT attribute are treated as having no default value. For inserted rows that specify no explicit value for such a column, the result depends on the SQL mode. If strict SQL mode is enabled, an error occurs. If strict SQL mode is not enabled, the column is declared with the implicit default of '0000-00-00 00:00:00' and a warning occurs. This is similar to how MySQL treats other temporal types such as DATETIME.
No TIMESTAMP column is automatically declared with the DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP or ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP attributes. Those attributes must be explicitly specified.
The first TIMESTAMP column in a table is not handled differently from TIMESTAMP columns following the first one.

If explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is disabled at server startup, this warning appears in the error log:

[Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated.
Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see
documentation for more details).

As indicated by the warning, to disable the deprecated nonstandard behaviors, enable the explicit_defaults_for_timestamp system variable at server startup.

Note

explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is itself deprecated because its only purpose is to permit control over deprecated TIMESTAMP behaviors that are to be removed in a future MySQL release. When removal of those behaviors occurs, expect explicit_defaults_for_timestamp to be removed as well.

For additional information, see Section 13.2.5, “Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME”.

external_user

System Variable	`external_user`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The external user name used during the authentication process, as set by the plugin used to authenticate the client. With native (built-in) MySQL authentication, or if the plugin does not set the value, this variable is NULL. See Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

flush

Command-Line Format	`--flush[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`flush`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If ON, the server flushes (synchronizes) all changes to disk after each SQL statement. Normally, MySQL does a write of all changes to disk only after each SQL statement and lets the operating system handle the synchronizing to disk. See Section B.3.3.3, “What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing”. This variable is set to ON if you start mysqld with the --flush option.

Note

If flush is enabled, the value of flush_time does not matter and changes to flush_time have no effect on flush behavior.

flush_time

Command-Line Format	`--flush-time=#`
System Variable	`flush_time`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources.

Note

If flush is enabled, the value of flush_time does not matter and changes to flush_time have no effect on flush behavior.

foreign_key_checks

System Variable	`foreign_key_checks`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

If set to 1 (the default), foreign key constraints are checked. If set to 0, foreign key constraints are ignored, with a couple of exceptions. When re-creating a table that was dropped, an error is returned if the table definition does not conform to the foreign key constraints referencing the table. Likewise, an ALTER TABLE operation returns an error if a foreign key definition is incorrectly formed. For more information, see Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.

Setting this variable has the same effect on NDB tables as it does for InnoDB tables. Typically you leave this setting enabled during normal operation, to enforce referential integrity. Disabling foreign key checking can be useful for reloading InnoDB tables in an order different from that required by their parent/child relationships. See Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.

Setting foreign_key_checks to 0 also affects data definition statements: DROP SCHEMA drops a schema even if it contains tables that have foreign keys that are referred to by tables outside the schema, and DROP TABLE drops tables that have foreign keys that are referred to by other tables.

Note

Setting foreign_key_checks to 1 does not trigger a scan of the existing table data. Therefore, rows added to the table while foreign_key_checks = 0 are not verified for consistency.

Dropping an index required by a foreign key constraint is not permitted, even with foreign_key_checks=0. The foreign key constraint must be removed before dropping the index.

ft_boolean_syntax

Command-Line Format	`--ft-boolean-syntax=name`
System Variable	`ft_boolean_syntax`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`+ -><()~*:""&\|`

The list of operators supported by boolean full-text searches performed using IN BOOLEAN MODE. See Section 14.9.2, “Boolean Full-Text Searches”.

The default variable value is '+ -><()~*:""&|'. The rules for changing the value are as follows:

Operator function is determined by position within the string.
The replacement value must be 14 characters.
Each character must be an ASCII nonalphanumeric character.
Either the first or second character must be a space.
No duplicates are permitted except the phrase quoting operators in positions 11 and 12. These two characters are not required to be the same, but they are the only two that may be.
Positions 10, 13, and 14 (which by default are set to :, &, and |) are reserved for future extensions.

ft_max_word_len

Command-Line Format	`--ft-max-word-len=#`
System Variable	`ft_max_word_len`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`84`
Minimum Value	`10`
Maximum Value	`84`

The maximum length of the word to be included in a MyISAM FULLTEXT index.

Note

FULLTEXT indexes on MyISAM tables must be rebuilt after changing this variable. Use REPAIR TABLE tbl_name QUICK.

ft_min_word_len

Command-Line Format	`--ft-min-word-len=#`
System Variable	`ft_min_word_len`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`82`

The minimum length of the word to be included in a MyISAM FULLTEXT index.

Note

FULLTEXT indexes on MyISAM tables must be rebuilt after changing this variable. Use REPAIR TABLE tbl_name QUICK.

ft_query_expansion_limit

Command-Line Format	`--ft-query-expansion-limit=#`
System Variable	`ft_query_expansion_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`20`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1000`

The number of top matches to use for full-text searches performed using WITH QUERY EXPANSION.

ft_stopword_file

Command-Line Format	`--ft-stopword-file=file_name`
System Variable	`ft_stopword_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name

The file from which to read the list of stopwords for full-text searches on MyISAM tables. The server looks for the file in the data directory unless an absolute path name is given to specify a different directory. All the words from the file are used; comments are not honored. By default, a built-in list of stopwords is used (as defined in the storage/myisam/ft_static.c file). Setting this variable to the empty string ('') disables stopword filtering. See also Section 14.9.4, “Full-Text Stopwords”.

Note

FULLTEXT indexes on MyISAM tables must be rebuilt after changing this variable or the contents of the stopword file. Use REPAIR TABLE tbl_name QUICK.

general_log

Command-Line Format	`--general-log[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`general_log`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether the general query log is enabled. The value can be 0 (or OFF) to disable the log or 1 (or ON) to enable the log. The destination for log output is controlled by the log_output system variable; if that value is NONE, no log entries are written even if the log is enabled.

general_log_file

Command-Line Format	`--general-log-file=file_name`
System Variable	`general_log_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`host_name.log`

The name of the general query log file. The default value is host_name.log, but the initial value can be changed with the --general_log_file option.

generated_random_password_length

Command-Line Format	`--generated-random-password-length=#`
Introduced	8.0.18
System Variable	`generated_random_password_length`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`20`
Minimum Value	`5`
Maximum Value	`255`

The maximum number of characters permitted in random passwords generated for CREATE USER, ALTER USER, and SET PASSWORD statements. For more information, see Random Password Generation.

global_connection_memory_limit

Command-Line Format	`--global-connection-memory-limit=#`
Introduced	8.0.28
System Variable	`global_connection_memory_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`18446744073709551615`
Minimum Value	`16777216`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`
Unit	bytes

Set the total amount of memory that can be used by all user connections; that is, Global_connection_memory should not exceed this amount. Any time that it does, all queries (including any currently running) from regular users are rejected with ER_GLOBAL_CONN_LIMIT.

Memory used by the system users such as the MySQL root user is included in this total, but is not counted towards the disconnection limit; such users are never disconnected due to memory usage.

Memory used by the InnoDB buffer pool is excluded from the total.

You must have the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN or SUPER privilege to set this variable.

global_connection_memory_tracking

Command-Line Format	`--global-connection-memory-tracking={TRUE\|FALSE}`
Introduced	8.0.28
System Variable	`global_connection_memory_tracking`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`FALSE`

Determines whether the server calculates Global_connection_memory. This variable must be enabled explicitly; otherwise, the memory calculation is not performed, and Global_connection_memory is not set.

You must have the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN or SUPER privilege to set this variable.

group_concat_max_len

Command-Line Format	`--group-concat-max-len=#`
System Variable	`group_concat_max_len`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`4`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

The maximum permitted result length in bytes for the GROUP_CONCAT() function. The default is 1024.

have_compress

YES if the zlib compression library is available to the server, NO if not. If not, the COMPRESS() and UNCOMPRESS() functions cannot be used.

have_dynamic_loading

YES if mysqld supports dynamic loading of plugins, NO if not. If the value is NO, you cannot use options such as --plugin-load to load plugins at server startup, or the INSTALL PLUGIN statement to load plugins at runtime.

have_geometry

YES if the server supports spatial data types, NO if not.

have_openssl

This variable is a synonym for have_ssl.

As of MySQL 8.0.26, have_openssl is deprecated and subject to removal in a future MySQL version. For information about TLS properties of MySQL connection interfaces, use the tls_channel_status table.

have_profiling

YES if statement profiling capability is present, NO if not. If present, the profiling system variable controls whether this capability is enabled or disabled. See Section 15.7.7.31, “SHOW PROFILES Statement”.

This variable is deprecated and you should expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.

have_query_cache

The query cache was removed in MySQL 8.0.3. have_query_cache is deprecated, always has a value of NO, and you should expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.

have_rtree_keys

YES if RTREE indexes are available, NO if not. (These are used for spatial indexes in MyISAM tables.)

have_ssl

Deprecated	8.0.26
System Variable	`have_ssl`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Valid Values	`YES` (SSL support available) `DISABLED` (SSL support was compiled into server, but server was not started with necessary options to enable it)

YES if mysqld supports SSL connections, DISABLED if the server was compiled with SSL support, but was not started with the appropriate connection-encryption options. For more information, see Section 2.8.6, “Configuring SSL Library Support”.

As of MySQL 8.0.26, have_ssl is deprecated and subject to removal in a future MySQL version. For information about TLS properties of MySQL connection interfaces, use the tls_channel_status table.

have_statement_timeout

System Variable	`have_statement_timeout`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean

Whether the statement execution timeout feature is available (see Statement Execution Time Optimizer Hints). The value can be NO if the background thread used by this feature could not be initialized.

have_symlink

YES if symbolic link support is enabled, NO if not. This is required on Unix for support of the DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY table options. If the server is started with the --skip-symbolic-links option, the value is DISABLED.

This variable has no meaning on Windows.

Note

Symbolic link support, along with the --symbolic-links option that controls it, is deprecated; expect these to be removed in a future version of MySQL. In addition, the option is disabled by default. The related have_symlink system variable also is deprecated and you should expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

histogram_generation_max_mem_size

Command-Line Format	`--histogram-generation-max-mem-size=#`
System Variable	`histogram_generation_max_mem_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`20000000`
Minimum Value	`1000000`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

The maximum amount of memory available for generating histogram statistics. See Section 10.9.6, “Optimizer Statistics”, and Section 15.7.3.1, “ANALYZE TABLE Statement”.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

host_cache_size

Command-Line Format	`--host-cache-size=#`
System Variable	`host_cache_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`-1` (signifies autosizing; do not assign this literal value)
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65536`

The MySQL server maintains an in-memory host cache that contains client host name and IP address information and is used to avoid Domain Name System (DNS) lookups; see Section 7.1.12.3, “DNS Lookups and the Host Cache”.

The host_cache_size variable controls the size of the host cache, as well as the size of the Performance Schema host_cache table that exposes the cache contents. Setting host_cache_size has these effects:

Setting the size to 0 disables the host cache. With the cache disabled, the server performs a DNS lookup every time a client connects.
Changing the size at runtime causes an implicit host cache flushing operation that clears the host cache, truncates the host_cache table, and unblocks any blocked hosts.

The default value is autosized to 128, plus 1 for a value of max_connections up to 500, plus 1 for every increment of 20 over 500 in the max_connections value, capped to a limit of 2000.

Using the --skip-host-cache option is similar to setting the host_cache_size system variable to 0, but host_cache_size is more flexible because it can also be used to resize, enable, and disable the host cache at runtime, not just at server startup.

Starting the server with --skip-host-cache does not prevent runtime changes to the value of host_cache_size, but such changes have no effect and the cache is not re-enabled even if host_cache_size is set larger than 0.

Setting the host_cache_size system variable rather than the --skip-host-cache option is preferred for the reasons given in the previous paragraph. In addition, the --skip-host-cache option is deprecated and its removal is expected in a future version of MySQL; in MySQL 8.0.29 and later, using the option raises a warning.

hostname

System Variable	`hostname`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The server sets this variable to the server host name at startup. The maximum length is 255 characters as of MySQL 8.0.17, per RFC 1034, and 60 characters before that.

identity

This variable is a synonym for the last_insert_id variable. It exists for compatibility with other database systems. You can read its value with SELECT @@identity, and set it using SET identity.

init_connect

Command-Line Format	`--init-connect=name`
System Variable	`init_connect`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

A string to be executed by the server for each client that connects. The string consists of one or more SQL statements, separated by semicolon characters.

For users that have the CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege), the content of init_connect is not executed. This is done so that an erroneous value for init_connect does not prevent all clients from connecting. For example, the value might contain a statement that has a syntax error, thus causing client connections to fail. Not executing init_connect for users that have the CONNECTION_ADMIN or SUPER privilege enables them to open a connection and fix the init_connect value.

init_connect execution is skipped for any client user with an expired password. This is done because such a user cannot execute arbitrary statements, and thus init_connect execution fails, leaving the client unable to connect. Skipping init_connect execution enables the user to connect and change password.

The server discards any result sets produced by statements in the value of init_connect.

information_schema_stats_expiry

Command-Line Format	`--information-schema-stats-expiry=#`
System Variable	`information_schema_stats_expiry`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`86400`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

Some INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables contain columns that provide table statistics:

STATISTICS.CARDINALITY
TABLES.AUTO_INCREMENT
TABLES.AVG_ROW_LENGTH
TABLES.CHECKSUM
TABLES.CHECK_TIME
TABLES.CREATE_TIME
TABLES.DATA_FREE
TABLES.DATA_LENGTH
TABLES.INDEX_LENGTH
TABLES.MAX_DATA_LENGTH
TABLES.TABLE_ROWS
TABLES.UPDATE_TIME

Those columns represent dynamic table metadata; that is, information that changes as table contents change.

By default, MySQL retrieves cached values for those columns from the mysql.index_stats and mysql.table_stats dictionary tables when the columns are queried, which is more efficient than retrieving statistics directly from the storage engine. If cached statistics are not available or have expired, MySQL retrieves the latest statistics from the storage engine and caches them in the mysql.index_stats and mysql.table_stats dictionary tables. Subsequent queries retrieve the cached statistics until the cached statistics expire. A server restart or the first opening of the mysql.index_stats and mysql.table_stats tables do not update cached statistics automatically.

The information_schema_stats_expiry session variable defines the period of time before cached statistics expire. The default is 86400 seconds (24 hours), but the time period can be extended to as much as one year.

To update cached values at any time for a given table, use ANALYZE TABLE.

To always retrieve the latest statistics directly from the storage engine and bypass cached values, set information_schema_stats_expiry to 0.

Querying statistics columns does not store or update statistics in the mysql.index_stats and mysql.table_stats dictionary tables under these circumstances:

When cached statistics have not expired.
When information_schema_stats_expiry is set to 0.
When the server is in read_only, super_read_only, transaction_read_only, or innodb_read_only mode.
When the query also fetches Performance Schema data.

The statistics cache may be updated during a multiple-statement transaction before it is known whether the transaction commits. As a result, the cache may contain information that does not correspond to a known committed state. This can occur with autocommit=0 or after START TRANSACTION.

information_schema_stats_expiry is a session variable, and each client session can define its own expiration value. Statistics that are retrieved from the storage engine and cached by one session are available to other sessions.

For related information, see Section 10.2.3, “Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries”.

init_file

Command-Line Format	`--init-file=file_name`
System Variable	`init_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name

If specified, this variable names a file containing SQL statements to be read and executed during the startup process. Prior to MySQL 8.0.18, each statement must be on a single line and should not include comments. As of MySQL 8.0.18, the acceptable format for statements in the file is expanded to support these constructs:

delimiter ;, to set the statement delimiter to the ; character.
delimiter $$, to set the statement delimiter to the $$ character sequence.
Multiple statements on the same line, delimited by the current delimiter.
Multiple-line statements.
Comments from a # character to the end of the line.
Comments from a -- sequence to the end of the line.
C-style comments from a /* sequence to the following */ sequence, including over multiple lines.
Multiple-line string literals enclosed within either single quote (') or double quote (") characters.

If the server is started with the --initialize or --initialize-insecure option, it operates in bootstrap mode and some functionality is unavailable that limits the statements permitted in the file. These include statements that relate to account management (such as CREATE USER or GRANT), replication, and global transaction identifiers. See Section 19.1.3, “Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers”.

As of MySQL 8.0.17, threads created during server startup are used for tasks such as creating the data dictionary, running upgrade procedures, and creating system tables. To ensure a stable and predictable environment, these threads are executed with the server built-in defaults for some system variables, such as sql_mode, character_set_server, collation_server, completion_type, explicit_defaults_for_timestamp, and default_table_encryption.

These threads are also used to execute the statements in any file specified with init_file when starting the server, so such statements execute with the server's built-in default values for those system variables.

innodb_xxx

InnoDB system variables are listed in Section 17.14, “InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables”. These variables control many aspects of storage, memory use, and I/O patterns for InnoDB tables, and are especially important now that InnoDB is the default storage engine.

insert_id

The value to be used by the following INSERT or ALTER TABLE statement when inserting an AUTO_INCREMENT value. This is mainly used with the binary log.

interactive_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--interactive-timeout=#`
System Variable	`interactive_timeout`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`28800`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

The number of seconds the server waits for activity on an interactive connection before closing it. An interactive client is defined as a client that uses the CLIENT_INTERACTIVE option to mysql_real_connect(). See also wait_timeout.

internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine

Command-Line Format	`--internal-tmp-disk-storage-engine=#`
Removed	8.0.16
System Variable	`internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`INNODB`
Valid Values	`MYISAM` `INNODB`

Important

In MySQL 8.0.16 and later, on-disk internal temporary tables always use the InnoDB storage engine; as of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable has been removed and is thus no longer supported.

Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable determines the storage engine used for on-disk internal temporary tables (see Storage Engine for On-Disk Internal Temporary Tables). Permitted values are MYISAM and INNODB (the default).

internal_tmp_mem_storage_engine

Command-Line Format	`--internal-tmp-mem-storage-engine=#`
System Variable	`internal_tmp_mem_storage_engine`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`TempTable`
Valid Values	`MEMORY` `TempTable`

The storage engine for in-memory internal temporary tables (see Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”). Permitted values are TempTable (the default) and MEMORY.

The optimizer uses the storage engine defined by internal_tmp_mem_storage_engine for in-memory internal temporary tables.

From MySQL 8.0.27, configuring a session setting for internal_tmp_mem_storage_engine requires the SESSION_VARIABLES_ADMIN or SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN privilege.

join_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--join-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`join_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`262144`
Minimum Value	`128`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`4294967168`
Maximum Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551488`
Maximum Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967168`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`128`

The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use indexes and thus perform full table scans. In MySQL 8.0.18 and later, this variable also controls the amount of memory used for hash joins. Normally, the best way to get fast joins is to add indexes. Increase the value of join_buffer_size to get a faster full join when adding indexes is not possible. One join buffer is allocated for each full join between two tables. For a complex join between several tables for which indexes are not used, multiple join buffers might be necessary.

The default is 256KB. The maximum permissible setting for join_buffer_size is 4GB−1. Larger values are permitted for 64-bit platforms (except 64-bit Windows, for which large values are truncated to 4GB−1 with a warning). The block size is 128, and a value that is not an exact multiple of the block size is rounded down to the next lower multiple of the block size by MySQL Server before storing the value for the system variable. The parser allows values up to the maximum unsigned integer value for the platform (4294967295 or 2³²−1 for a 32-bit system, 18446744073709551615 or 2⁶⁴−1 for a 64-bit system) but the actual maximum is a block size lower.

Unless a Block Nested-Loop or Batched Key Access algorithm is used, there is no gain from setting the buffer larger than required to hold each matching row, and all joins allocate at least the minimum size, so use caution in setting this variable to a large value globally. It is better to keep the global setting small and change the session setting to a larger value only in sessions that are doing large joins, or change the setting on a per-query basis by using a SET_VAR optimizer hint (see Section 10.9.3, “Optimizer Hints”). Memory allocation time can cause substantial performance drops if the global size is larger than needed by most queries that use it.

When Block Nested-Loop is used, a larger join buffer can be beneficial up to the point where all required columns from all rows in the first table are stored in the join buffer. This depends on the query; the optimal size may be smaller than holding all rows from the first tables.

When Batched Key Access is used, the value of join_buffer_size defines how large the batch of keys is in each request to the storage engine. The larger the buffer, the more sequential access is made to the right hand table of a join operation, which can significantly improve performance.

For additional information about join buffering, see Section 10.2.1.7, “Nested-Loop Join Algorithms”. For information about Batched Key Access, see Section 10.2.1.12, “Block Nested-Loop and Batched Key Access Joins”. For information about hash joins, see Section 10.2.1.4, “Hash Join Optimization”.

keep_files_on_create

Command-Line Format	`--keep-files-on-create[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`keep_files_on_create`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If a MyISAM table is created with no DATA DIRECTORY option, the .MYD file is created in the database directory. By default, if MyISAM finds an existing .MYD file in this case, it overwrites it. The same applies to .MYI files for tables created with no INDEX DIRECTORY option. To suppress this behavior, set the keep_files_on_create variable to ON (1), in which case MyISAM does not overwrite existing files and returns an error instead. The default value is OFF (0).

If a MyISAM table is created with a DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY option and an existing .MYD or .MYI file is found, MyISAM always returns an error. It does not overwrite a file in the specified directory.

key_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--key-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`key_buffer_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8388608`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`OS_PER_PROCESS_LIMIT`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

Index blocks for MyISAM tables are buffered and are shared by all threads. key_buffer_size is the size of the buffer used for index blocks. The key buffer is also known as the key cache.

The minimum permissible setting is 0, but you cannot set key_buffer_size to 0 dynamically. A setting of 0 drops the key cache, which is not permitted at runtime. Setting key_buffer_size to 0 is permitted only at startup, in which case the key cache is not initialized. Changing the key_buffer_size setting at runtime from a value of 0 to a permitted non-zero value initializes the key cache.

key_buffer_size can be increased or decreased only in increments or multiples of 4096 bytes. Increasing or decreasing the setting by a nonconforming value produces a warning and truncates the setting to a conforming value.

The maximum permissible setting for key_buffer_size is 4GB−1 on 32-bit platforms. Larger values are permitted for 64-bit platforms. The effective maximum size might be less, depending on your available physical RAM and per-process RAM limits imposed by your operating system or hardware platform. The value of this variable indicates the amount of memory requested. Internally, the server allocates as much memory as possible up to this amount, but the actual allocation might be less.

You can increase the value to get better index handling for all reads and multiple writes; on a system whose primary function is to run MySQL using the MyISAM storage engine, 25% of the machine's total memory is an acceptable value for this variable. However, you should be aware that, if you make the value too large (for example, more than 50% of the machine's total memory), your system might start to page and become extremely slow. This is because MySQL relies on the operating system to perform file system caching for data reads, so you must leave some room for the file system cache. You should also consider the memory requirements of any other storage engines that you may be using in addition to MyISAM.

For even more speed when writing many rows at the same time, use LOCK TABLES. See Section 10.2.5.1, “Optimizing INSERT Statements”.

You can check the performance of the key buffer by issuing a SHOW STATUS statement and examining the Key_read_requests, Key_reads, Key_write_requests, and Key_writes status variables. (See Section 15.7.7, “SHOW Statements”.) The Key_reads/Key_read_requests ratio should normally be less than 0.01. The Key_writes/Key_write_requests ratio is usually near 1 if you are using mostly updates and deletes, but might be much smaller if you tend to do updates that affect many rows at the same time or if you are using the DELAY_KEY_WRITE table option.

The fraction of the key buffer in use can be determined using key_buffer_size in conjunction with the Key_blocks_unused status variable and the buffer block size, which is available from the key_cache_block_size system variable:

1 - ((Key_blocks_unused * key_cache_block_size) / key_buffer_size)

This value is an approximation because some space in the key buffer is allocated internally for administrative structures. Factors that influence the amount of overhead for these structures include block size and pointer size. As block size increases, the percentage of the key buffer lost to overhead tends to decrease. Larger blocks results in a smaller number of read operations (because more keys are obtained per read), but conversely an increase in reads of keys that are not examined (if not all keys in a block are relevant to a query).

It is possible to create multiple MyISAM key caches. The size limit of 4GB applies to each cache individually, not as a group. See Section 10.10.2, “The MyISAM Key Cache”.

key_cache_age_threshold

Command-Line Format	`--key-cache-age-threshold=#`
System Variable	`key_cache_age_threshold`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`300`
Minimum Value	`100`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551516`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967196`
Block Size	`100`

This value controls the demotion of buffers from the hot sublist of a key cache to the warm sublist. Lower values cause demotion to happen more quickly. The minimum value is 100. The default value is 300. See Section 10.10.2, “The MyISAM Key Cache”.

key_cache_block_size

Command-Line Format	`--key-cache-block-size=#`
System Variable	`key_cache_block_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`512`
Maximum Value	`16384`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`512`

The size in bytes of blocks in the key cache. The default value is 1024. See Section 10.10.2, “The MyISAM Key Cache”.

key_cache_division_limit

Command-Line Format	`--key-cache-division-limit=#`
System Variable	`key_cache_division_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`100`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`100`

The division point between the hot and warm sublists of the key cache buffer list. The value is the percentage of the buffer list to use for the warm sublist. Permissible values range from 1 to 100. The default value is 100. See Section 10.10.2, “The MyISAM Key Cache”.

large_files_support

System Variable	`large_files_support`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean

Whether mysqld was compiled with options for large file support.

large_pages

Command-Line Format	`--large-pages[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`large_pages`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Linux
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether large page support is enabled (via the --large-pages option). See Section 10.12.3.3, “Enabling Large Page Support”.

large_page_size

System Variable	`large_page_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65535`
Unit	bytes

If large page support is enabled, this shows the size of memory pages. Large memory pages are supported only on Linux; on other platforms, the value of this variable is always 0. See Section 10.12.3.3, “Enabling Large Page Support”.

last_insert_id

The value to be returned from LAST_INSERT_ID(). This is stored in the binary log when you use LAST_INSERT_ID() in a statement that updates a table. Setting this variable does not update the value returned by the mysql_insert_id() C API function.

lc_messages

Command-Line Format	`--lc-messages=name`
System Variable	`lc_messages`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`en_US`

The locale to use for error messages. The default is en_US. The server converts the argument to a language name and combines it with the value of lc_messages_dir to produce the location for the error message file. See Section 12.12, “Setting the Error Message Language”.

lc_messages_dir

Command-Line Format	`--lc-messages-dir=dir_name`
System Variable	`lc_messages_dir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name

The directory where error messages are located. The server uses the value together with the value of lc_messages to produce the location for the error message file. See Section 12.12, “Setting the Error Message Language”.

lc_time_names

Command-Line Format	`--lc-time-names=value`
System Variable	`lc_time_names`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

This variable specifies the locale that controls the language used to display day and month names and abbreviations. This variable affects the output from the DATE_FORMAT(), DAYNAME() and MONTHNAME() functions. Locale names are POSIX-style values such as 'ja_JP' or 'pt_BR'. The default value is 'en_US' regardless of your system's locale setting. For further information, see Section 12.16, “MySQL Server Locale Support”.

license

System Variable	`license`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`GPL`

The type of license the server has.

local_infile

Command-Line Format	`--local-infile[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`local_infile`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls server-side LOCAL capability for LOAD DATA statements. Depending on the local_infile setting, the server refuses or permits local data loading by clients that have LOCAL enabled on the client side.

To explicitly cause the server to refuse or permit LOAD DATA LOCAL statements (regardless of how client programs and libraries are configured at build time or runtime), start mysqld with local_infile disabled or enabled, respectively. local_infile can also be set at runtime. For more information, see Section 8.1.6, “Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL”.

lock_wait_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--lock-wait-timeout=#`
System Variable	`lock_wait_timeout`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`31536000`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

This variable specifies the timeout in seconds for attempts to acquire metadata locks. The permissible values range from 1 to 31536000 (1 year). The default is 31536000.

This timeout applies to all statements that use metadata locks. These include DML and DDL operations on tables, views, stored procedures, and stored functions, as well as LOCK TABLES, FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK, and HANDLER statements.

This timeout does not apply to implicit accesses to system tables in the mysql database, such as grant tables modified by GRANT or REVOKE statements or table logging statements. The timeout does apply to system tables accessed directly, such as with SELECT or UPDATE.

The timeout value applies separately for each metadata lock attempt. A given statement can require more than one lock, so it is possible for the statement to block for longer than the lock_wait_timeout value before reporting a timeout error. When lock timeout occurs, ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT is reported.

lock_wait_timeout also defines the amount of time that a LOCK INSTANCE FOR BACKUP statement waits for a lock before giving up.

locked_in_memory

System Variable	`locked_in_memory`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether mysqld was locked in memory with --memlock.

log_error

Command-Line Format	`--log-error[=file_name]`
System Variable	`log_error`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name

The default error log destination. If the destination is the console, the value is stderr. Otherwise, the destination is a file and the log_error value is the file name. See Section 7.4.2, “The Error Log”.

log_error_services

Command-Line Format	`--log-error-services=value`
System Variable	`log_error_services`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`log_filter_internal; log_sink_internal`

The components to enable for error logging. The variable may contain a list with 0, 1, or many elements. In the latter case, elements may be delimited by semicolon or (as of MySQL 8.0.12) comma, optionally followed by space. A given setting cannot use both semicolon and comma separators. Component order is significant because the server executes components in the order listed.

From MySQL 8.0.30, any loadable (not built in) component named in the log_error_services is implicitly loaded if it is not already loaded. Before MySQL 8.0.30, any loadable (not built in) component named in the log_error_services value must first be installed with INSTALL COMPONENT. For more information, see Section 7.4.2.1, “Error Log Configuration”.

log_error_suppression_list

Command-Line Format	`--log-error-suppression-list=value`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`log_error_suppression_list`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

The log_error_suppression_list system variable applies to events intended for the error log and specifies which events to suppress when they occur with a priority of WARNING or INFORMATION. For example, if a particular type of warning is considered undesirable “noise” in the error log because it occurs frequently but is not of interest, it can be suppressed. This variable affects filtering performed by the log_filter_internal error log filter component, which is enabled by default (see Section 7.5.3, “Error Log Components”). If log_filter_internal is disabled, log_error_suppression_list has no effect.

The log_error_suppression_list value may be the empty string for no suppression, or a list of one or more comma-separated values indicating the error codes to suppress. Error codes may be specified in symbolic or numeric form. A numeric code may be specified with or without the MY- prefix. Leading zeros in the numeric part are not significant. Examples of permitted code formats:

ER_SERVER_SHUTDOWN_COMPLETE
MY-000031
000031
MY-31
31

Symbolic values are preferable to numeric values for readability and portability. For information about the permitted error symbols and numbers, see MySQL 8.0 Error Message Reference.

The effect of log_error_suppression_list combines with that of log_error_verbosity. For additional information, see Section 7.4.2.5, “Priority-Based Error Log Filtering (log_filter_internal)”.

log_error_verbosity

Command-Line Format	`--log-error-verbosity=#`
System Variable	`log_error_verbosity`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`2`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`3`

The log_error_verbosity system variable specifies the verbosity for handling events intended for the error log. This variable affects filtering performed by the log_filter_internal error log filter component, which is enabled by default (see Section 7.5.3, “Error Log Components”). If log_filter_internal is disabled, log_error_verbosity has no effect.

Events intended for the error log have a priority of ERROR, WARNING, or INFORMATION. log_error_verbosity controls verbosity based on which priorities to permit for messages written to the log, as shown in the following table.

log_error_verbosity Value	Permitted Message Priorities
1	`ERROR`
2	`ERROR`, `WARNING`
3	`ERROR`, `WARNING`, `INFORMATION`

There is also a priority of SYSTEM. System messages about non-error situations are printed to the error log regardless of the log_error_verbosity value. These messages include startup and shutdown messages, and some significant changes to settings.

The effect of log_error_verbosity combines with that of log_error_suppression_list. For additional information, see Section 7.4.2.5, “Priority-Based Error Log Filtering (log_filter_internal)”.

log_output

Command-Line Format	`--log-output=name`
System Variable	`log_output`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Set
Default Value	`FILE`
Valid Values	`TABLE` `FILE` `NONE`

The destination or destinations for general query log and slow query log output. The value is a list one or more comma-separated words chosen from TABLE, FILE, and NONE. TABLE selects logging to the general_log and slow_log tables in the mysql system schema. FILE selects logging to log files. NONE disables logging. If NONE is present in the value, it takes precedence over any other words that are present. TABLE and FILE can both be given to select both log output destinations.

This variable selects log output destinations, but does not enable log output. To do that, enable the general_log and slow_query_log system variables. For FILE logging, the general_log_file and slow_query_log_file system variables determine the log file locations. For more information, see Section 7.4.1, “Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations”.

log_queries_not_using_indexes

Command-Line Format	`--log-queries-not-using-indexes[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`log_queries_not_using_indexes`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If you enable this variable with the slow query log enabled, queries that are expected to retrieve all rows are logged. See Section 7.4.5, “The Slow Query Log”. This option does not necessarily mean that no index is used. For example, a query that uses a full index scan uses an index but would be logged because the index would not limit the number of rows.

log_raw

Command-Line Format	`--log-raw[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable (≥ 8.0.19)	`log_raw`
Scope (≥ 8.0.19)	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.19)	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies (≥ 8.0.19)	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

The log_raw system variable is initially set to the value of the --log-raw option. See the description of that option for more information. The system variable may also be set at runtime to change password masking behavior.

log_slow_admin_statements

Command-Line Format	`--log-slow-admin-statements[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`log_slow_admin_statements`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Include slow administrative statements in the statements written to the slow query log. Administrative statements include ALTER TABLE, ANALYZE TABLE, CHECK TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, OPTIMIZE TABLE, and REPAIR TABLE.

log_slow_extra

Command-Line Format	`--log-slow-extra[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`log_slow_extra`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If the slow query log is enabled and the output destination includes FILE, the server writes additional fields to log file lines that provide information about slow statements. See Section 7.4.5, “The Slow Query Log”. TABLE output is unaffected.

log_syslog

Command-Line Format	`--log-syslog[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	Yes (removed in 8.0.13)
System Variable	`log_syslog`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON` (when error logging to system log is enabled)

Prior to MySQL 8.0, this variable controlled whether to perform error logging to the system log (the Event Log on Windows, and syslog on Unix and Unix-like systems).

In MySQL 8.0, the log_sink_syseventlog log component implements error logging to the system log (see Section 7.4.2.8, “Error Logging to the System Log”), so this type of logging can be enabled by adding that component to the log_error_services system variable. log_syslog is removed. (Prior to MySQL 8.0.13, log_syslog exists but is deprecated and has no effect.)

log_syslog_facility

Command-Line Format	`--log-syslog-facility=value`
Removed	8.0.13
System Variable	`log_syslog_facility`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`daemon`

This variable was removed in MySQL 8.0.13 and replaced by syseventlog.facility.

log_syslog_include_pid

Command-Line Format	`--log-syslog-include-pid[={OFF\|ON}]`
Removed	8.0.13
System Variable	`log_syslog_include_pid`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This variable was removed in MySQL 8.0.13 and replaced by syseventlog.include_pid.

log_syslog_tag

Command-Line Format	`--log-syslog-tag=tag`
Removed	8.0.13
System Variable	`log_syslog_tag`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

This variable was removed in MySQL 8.0.13 and replaced by syseventlog.tag.

log_timestamps

Command-Line Format	`--log-timestamps=#`
System Variable	`log_timestamps`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`UTC`
Valid Values	`UTC` `SYSTEM`

This variable controls the time zone of timestamps in messages written to the error log, and in general query log and slow query log messages written to files. It does not affect the time zone of general query log and slow query log messages written to tables (mysql.general_log, mysql.slow_log). Rows retrieved from those tables can be converted from the local system time zone to any desired time zone with CONVERT_TZ() or by setting the session time_zone system variable.

Permitted log_timestamps values are UTC (the default) and SYSTEM (the local system time zone).

Timestamps are written using ISO 8601 / RFC 3339 format: YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.uuuuuu plus a tail value of Z signifying Zulu time (UTC) or ±hh:mm (an offset from UTC).

log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes

Command-Line Format	`--log-throttle-queries-not-using-indexes=#`
System Variable	`log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

If log_queries_not_using_indexes is enabled, the log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes variable limits the number of such queries per minute that can be written to the slow query log. A value of 0 (the default) means “no limit”. For more information, see Section 7.4.5, “The Slow Query Log”.

long_query_time

Command-Line Format	`--long-query-time=#`
System Variable	`long_query_time`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Numeric
Default Value	`10`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

If a query takes longer than this many seconds, the server increments the Slow_queries status variable. If the slow query log is enabled, the query is logged to the slow query log file. This value is measured in real time, not CPU time, so a query that is under the threshold on a lightly loaded system might be above the threshold on a heavily loaded one. The minimum and default values of long_query_time are 0 and 10, respectively. The maximum is 31536000, which is 365 days in seconds. The value can be specified to a resolution of microseconds. See Section 7.4.5, “The Slow Query Log”.

Smaller values of this variable result in more statements being considered long-running, with the result that more space is required for the slow query log. For very small values (less than one second), the log may grow quite large in a small time. Increasing the number of statements considered long-running may also result in false positives for the “excessive Number of Long Running Processes” alert in MySQL Enterprise Monitor, especially if Group Replication is enabled. For these reasons, very small values should be used in test environments only, or, in production environments, only for a short period.

mysqldump performs a full table scan, which means its queries can often exceed a long_query_time setting that is useful for regular queries. From MySQL 8.0.30, if you want to exclude most or all of mysqldump’s queries from the slow query log, you can set mysqldump’s --mysqld-long-query-time command line option to change the session value of the system variable to a higher value.

low_priority_updates

Command-Line Format	`--low-priority-updates[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`low_priority_updates`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If set to 1, all INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and LOCK TABLE WRITE statements wait until there is no pending SELECT or LOCK TABLE READ on the affected table. The same effect can be obtained using {INSERT | REPLACE | DELETE | UPDATE} LOW_PRIORITY ... to lower the priority of only one query. This variable affects only storage engines that use only table-level locking (such as MyISAM, MEMORY, and MERGE). See Section 10.11.2, “Table Locking Issues”.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

lower_case_file_system

System Variable	`lower_case_file_system`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean

This variable describes the case sensitivity of file names on the file system where the data directory is located. OFF means file names are case-sensitive, ON means they are not case-sensitive. This variable is read only because it reflects a file system attribute and setting it would have no effect on the file system.

lower_case_table_names

Command-Line Format	`--lower-case-table-names[=#]`
System Variable	`lower_case_table_names`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (macOS)	`2`
Default Value (Unix)	`0`
Default Value (Windows)	`1`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2`

If set to 0, table names are stored as specified and comparisons are case-sensitive. If set to 1, table names are stored in lowercase on disk and comparisons are not case-sensitive. If set to 2, table names are stored as given but compared in lowercase. This option also applies to database names and table aliases. For additional details, see Section 11.2.3, “Identifier Case Sensitivity”.

The default value of this variable is platform-dependent (see lower_case_file_system). On Linux and other Unix-like systems, the default is 0. On Windows the default value is 1. On macOS, the default value is 2. On Linux (and other Unix-like systems), setting the value to 2 is not supported; the server forces the value to 0 instead.

You should not set lower_case_table_names to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system where the data directory resides on a case-insensitive file system (such as on Windows or macOS). It is an unsupported combination that could result in a hang condition when running an INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... FROM tbl_name operation with the wrong tbl_name lettercase. With MyISAM, accessing table names using different lettercases could cause index corruption.

An error message is printed and the server exits if you attempt to start the server with --lower_case_table_names=0 on a case-insensitive file system.

The setting of this variable affects the behavior of replication filtering options with regard to case sensitivity. For more information, see Section 19.2.5, “How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules”.

It is prohibited to start the server with a lower_case_table_names setting that is different from the setting used when the server was initialized. The restriction is necessary because collations used by various data dictionary table fields are determined by the setting defined when the server is initialized, and restarting the server with a different setting would introduce inconsistencies with respect to how identifiers are ordered and compared.

It is therefore necessary to configure lower_case_table_names to the desired setting before initializing the server. In most cases, this requires configuring lower_case_table_names in a MySQL option file before starting the MySQL server for the first time. For APT installations on Debian and Ubuntu, however, the server is initialized for you, and there is no opportunity to configure the setting in an option file beforehand. You must therefore use the debconf-set-selection utility prior to installing MySQL using APT to enable lower_case_table_names. To do so, run this command before installing MySQL using APT:

$> sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/lowercase-table-names select Enabled"

Note

The ability to enable lower_case_table_names using debconf-set-selections was added in MySQL 8.0.17. Enabling lower_case_table_names sets the value to 1.

mandatory_roles

Command-Line Format	`--mandatory-roles=value`
System Variable	`mandatory_roles`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

Roles the server should treat as mandatory. In effect, these roles are automatically granted to every user, although setting mandatory_roles does not actually change any user accounts, and the granted roles are not visible in the mysql.role_edges system table.

The variable value is a comma-separated list of role names. Example:

SET PERSIST mandatory_roles = '`role1`@`%`,`role2`,role3,role4@localhost';

Setting the runtime value of mandatory_roles requires the ROLE_ADMIN privilege, in addition to the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege) normally required to set a global system variable runtime value.

Role names consist of a user part and host part in user_name@host_name format. The host part, if omitted, defaults to %. For additional information, see Section 8.2.5, “Specifying Role Names”.

The mandatory_roles value is a string, so user names and host names, if quoted, must be written in a fashion permitted for quoting within quoted strings.

Roles named in the value of mandatory_roles cannot be revoked with REVOKE or dropped with DROP ROLE or DROP USER.

To prevent sessions from being made system sessions by default, a role that has the SYSTEM_USER privilege cannot be listed in the value of the mandatory_roles system variable:

If mandatory_roles is assigned a role at startup that has the SYSTEM_USER privilege, the server writes a message to the error log and exits.
If mandatory_roles is assigned a role at runtime that has the SYSTEM_USER privilege, an error occurs and the mandatory_roles value remains unchanged.

Mandatory roles, like explicitly granted roles, do not take effect until activated (see Activating Roles). At login time, role activation occurs for all granted roles if the activate_all_roles_on_login system variable is enabled; otherwise, or for roles that are set as default roles otherwise. At runtime, SET ROLE activates roles.

Roles that do not exist when assigned to mandatory_roles but are created later may require special treatment to be considered mandatory. For details, see Defining Mandatory Roles.

SHOW GRANTS displays mandatory roles according to the rules described in Section 15.7.7.21, “SHOW GRANTS Statement”.

max_allowed_packet

Command-Line Format	`--max-allowed-packet=#`
System Variable	`max_allowed_packet`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`67108864`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`1073741824`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

The maximum size of one packet or any generated/intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. The default is 64MB.

The packet message buffer is initialized to net_buffer_length bytes, but can grow up to max_allowed_packet bytes when needed. This value by default is small, to catch large (possibly incorrect) packets.

You must increase this value if you are using large BLOB columns or long strings. It should be as big as the largest BLOB you want to use. The protocol limit for max_allowed_packet is 1GB. The value should be a multiple of 1024; nonmultiples are rounded down to the nearest multiple.

When you change the message buffer size by changing the value of the max_allowed_packet variable, you should also change the buffer size on the client side if your client program permits it. The default max_allowed_packet value built in to the client library is 1GB, but individual client programs might override this. For example, mysql and mysqldump have defaults of 16MB and 24MB, respectively. They also enable you to change the client-side value by setting max_allowed_packet on the command line or in an option file.

The session value of this variable is read only. The client can receive up to as many bytes as the session value. However, the server does not send to the client more bytes than the current global max_allowed_packet value. (The global value could be less than the session value if the global value is changed after the client connects.)

max_connect_errors

Command-Line Format	`--max-connect-errors=#`
System Variable	`max_connect_errors`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`100`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

After max_connect_errors successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from further connections. If a connection from a host is established successfully within fewer than max_connect_errors attempts after a previous connection was interrupted, the error count for the host is cleared to zero. To unblock blocked hosts, flush the host cache; see Flushing the Host Cache.

max_connections

Command-Line Format	`--max-connections=#`
System Variable	`max_connections`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`151`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`100000`

The maximum permitted number of simultaneous client connections. The maximum effective value is the lesser of the effective value of open_files_limit- 810, and the value actually set for max_connections.

For more information, see Section 7.1.12.1, “Connection Interfaces”.

max_delayed_threads

Command-Line Format	`--max-delayed-threads=#`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`max_delayed_threads`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`20`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`16384`

This system variable is deprecated (because DELAYED inserts are not supported) and subject to removal in a future MySQL release.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

max_digest_length

Command-Line Format	`--max-digest-length=#`
System Variable	`max_digest_length`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1048576`
Unit	bytes

The maximum number of bytes of memory reserved per session for computation of normalized statement digests. Once that amount of space is used during digest computation, truncation occurs: no further tokens from a parsed statement are collected or figure into its digest value. Statements that differ only after that many bytes of parsed tokens produce the same normalized statement digest and are considered identical if compared or if aggregated for digest statistics.

The length used for calculating a normalized statement digest is the sum of the length of the normalized statement digest and the length of the statement digest. Since the length of the statement digest is always 64, this is equivalent to LENGTH (STATEMENT_DIGEST_TEXT(statement) ) + 64. This means that, when the value of max_digest_length is 1024 (the default), the maximum length for a normalized SQL statement before truncation occurs is in effect 960 bytes.

Warning

Setting max_digest_length to zero disables digest production, which also disables server functionality that requires digests, such as MySQL Enterprise Firewall.

Decreasing the max_digest_length value reduces memory use but causes the digest value of more statements to become indistinguishable if they differ only at the end. Increasing the value permits longer statements to be distinguished but increases memory use, particularly for workloads that involve large numbers of simultaneous sessions (the server allocates max_digest_length bytes per session).

The parser uses this system variable as a limit on the maximum length of normalized statement digests that it computes. The Performance Schema, if it tracks statement digests, makes a copy of the digest value, using the performance_schema_max_digest_length. system variable as a limit on the maximum length of digests that it stores. Consequently, if performance_schema_max_digest_length is less than max_digest_length, digest values stored in the Performance Schema are truncated relative to the original digest values.

For more information about statement digesting, see Section 29.10, “Performance Schema Statement Digests and Sampling”.

max_error_count

Command-Line Format	`--max-error-count=#`
System Variable	`max_error_count`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65535`

The maximum number of error, warning, and information messages to be stored for display by the SHOW ERRORS and SHOW WARNINGS statements. This is the same as the number of condition areas in the diagnostics area, and thus the number of conditions that can be inspected by GET DIAGNOSTICS.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

max_execution_time

Command-Line Format	`--max-execution-time=#`
System Variable	`max_execution_time`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`
Unit	milliseconds

The execution timeout for SELECT statements, in milliseconds. If the value is 0, timeouts are not enabled.

max_execution_time applies as follows:

The global max_execution_time value provides the default for the session value for new connections. The session value applies to SELECT executions executed within the session that include no MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(N) optimizer hint or for which N is 0.
max_execution_time applies to read-only SELECT statements. Statements that are not read only are those that invoke a stored function that modifies data as a side effect.
max_execution_time is ignored for SELECT statements in stored programs.

max_heap_table_size

Command-Line Format	`--max-heap-table-size=#`
System Variable	`max_heap_table_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16777216`
Minimum Value	`16384`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709550592`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294966272`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

This variable sets the maximum size to which user-created MEMORY tables are permitted to grow. The value of the variable is used to calculate MEMORY table MAX_ROWS values.

Setting this variable has no effect on any existing MEMORY table, unless the table is re-created with a statement such as CREATE TABLE or altered with ALTER TABLE or TRUNCATE TABLE. A server restart also sets the maximum size of existing MEMORY tables to the global max_heap_table_size value.

This variable is also used in conjunction with tmp_table_size to limit the size of internal in-memory tables. See Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”.

max_heap_table_size is not replicated. See Section 19.5.1.21, “Replication and MEMORY Tables”, and Section 19.5.1.39, “Replication and Variables”, for more information.

max_insert_delayed_threads

Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`max_insert_delayed_threads`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`20`
Maximum Value	`16384`

This variable is a synonym for max_delayed_threads. Like max_delayed_threads, it is deprecated (because DELAYED inserts are not supported) and subject to removal in a future MySQL release.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

max_join_size

Command-Line Format	`--max-join-size=#`
System Variable	`max_join_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`18446744073709551615`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`

As of MySQL 8.0.31, this represents a limit on the maximum number of row accesses in base tables made by a join. If the server's estimate indicates that a greater number of rows than max_join_size must be read from the base tables, the statement is rejected with an error.

MySQL 8.0.30 and earlier: Do not permit statements that probably need to examine more than max_join_size rows (for single-table statements) or row combinations (for multiple-table statements) or that are likely to do more than max_join_size disk seeks. By setting this value, you can catch statements where keys are not used properly and that would probably take a long time. Set it if your users tend to perform joins that lack a WHERE clause, that take a long time, or that return millions of rows. For more information, see Using Safe-Updates Mode (--safe-updates).

Regardless of MySQL release version, setting this variable to a value other than DEFAULT resets the value of sql_big_selects to 0. If you set the sql_big_selects value again, the max_join_size variable is ignored.

max_length_for_sort_data

Command-Line Format	`--max-length-for-sort-data=#`
Deprecated	8.0.20
System Variable	`max_length_for_sort_data`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4096`
Minimum Value	`4`
Maximum Value	`8388608`
Unit	bytes

This variable is deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.20 due to optimizer changes that make it obsolete and of no effect. Previously, it acted as the cutoff on the size of index values that determines which filesort algorithm to use. See Section 10.2.1.16, “ORDER BY Optimization”.

max_points_in_geometry

Command-Line Format	`--max-points-in-geometry=#`
System Variable	`max_points_in_geometry`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`65536`
Minimum Value	`3`
Maximum Value	`1048576`

The maximum value of the points_per_circle argument to the ST_Buffer_Strategy() function.

max_prepared_stmt_count

Command-Line Format	`--max-prepared-stmt-count=#`
System Variable	`max_prepared_stmt_count`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16382`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.18)	`4194304`
Maximum Value (≤ 8.0.17)	`1048576`

This variable limits the total number of prepared statements in the server. It can be used in environments where there is the potential for denial-of-service attacks based on running the server out of memory by preparing huge numbers of statements. If the value is set lower than the current number of prepared statements, existing statements are not affected and can be used, but no new statements can be prepared until the current number drops below the limit. Setting the value to 0 disables prepared statements.

max_seeks_for_key

Command-Line Format	`--max-seeks-for-key=#`
System Variable	`max_seeks_for_key`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value (Windows)	`4294967295`
Default Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Default Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`4294967295`
Maximum Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

Limit the assumed maximum number of seeks when looking up rows based on a key. The MySQL optimizer assumes that no more than this number of key seeks are required when searching for matching rows in a table by scanning an index, regardless of the actual cardinality of the index (see Section 15.7.7.22, “SHOW INDEX Statement”). By setting this to a low value (say, 100), you can force MySQL to prefer indexes instead of table scans.

max_sort_length

Command-Line Format	`--max-sort-length=#`
System Variable	`max_sort_length`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`4`
Maximum Value	`8388608`
Unit	bytes

The number of bytes to use when sorting string values which use PAD SPACE collations. The server uses only the first max_sort_length bytes of any such value and ignores the rest. Consequently, such values that differ only after the first max_sort_length bytes compare as equal for GROUP BY, ORDER BY, and DISTINCT operations. (This behavior differs from previous versions of MySQL, where this setting was applied to all values used in comparisons.)

Increasing the value of max_sort_length may require increasing the value of sort_buffer_size as well. For details, see Section 10.2.1.16, “ORDER BY Optimization”

max_sp_recursion_depth

Command-Line Format	`--max-sp-recursion-depth[=#]`
System Variable	`max_sp_recursion_depth`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`255`

The number of times that any given stored procedure may be called recursively. The default value for this option is 0, which completely disables recursion in stored procedures. The maximum value is 255.

Stored procedure recursion increases the demand on thread stack space. If you increase the value of max_sp_recursion_depth, it may be necessary to increase thread stack size by increasing the value of thread_stack at server startup.

max_user_connections

Command-Line Format	`--max-user-connections=#`
System Variable	`max_user_connections`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

The maximum number of simultaneous connections permitted to any given MySQL user account. A value of 0 (the default) means “no limit.”

This variable has a global value that can be set at server startup or runtime. It also has a read-only session value that indicates the effective simultaneous-connection limit that applies to the account associated with the current session. The session value is initialized as follows:

If the user account has a nonzero MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS resource limit, the session max_user_connections value is set to that limit.
Otherwise, the session max_user_connections value is set to the global value.

Account resource limits are specified using the CREATE USER or ALTER USER statement. See Section 8.2.21, “Setting Account Resource Limits”.

max_write_lock_count

Command-Line Format	`--max-write-lock-count=#`
System Variable	`max_write_lock_count`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (Windows)	`4294967295`
Default Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Default Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`4294967295`
Maximum Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

After this many write locks, permit some pending read lock requests to be processed in between. Write lock requests have higher priority than read lock requests. However, if max_write_lock_count is set to some low value (say, 10), read lock requests may be preferred over pending write lock requests if the read lock requests have already been passed over in favor of 10 write lock requests. Normally this behavior does not occur because max_write_lock_count by default has a very large value.

mecab_rc_file

Command-Line Format	`--mecab-rc-file=file_name`
System Variable	`mecab_rc_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name

The mecab_rc_file option is used when setting up the MeCab full-text parser.

The mecab_rc_file option defines the path to the mecabrc configuration file, which is the configuration file for MeCab. The option is read-only and can only be set at startup. The mecabrc configuration file is required to initialize MeCab.

For information about the MeCab full-text parser, see Section 14.9.9, “MeCab Full-Text Parser Plugin”.

For information about options that can be specified in the MeCab mecabrc configuration file, refer to the MeCab Documentation on the Google Developers site.

metadata_locks_cache_size

Command-Line Format	`--metadata-locks-cache-size=#`
Deprecated	Yes (removed in 8.0.13)
System Variable	`metadata_locks_cache_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1024`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`1048576`
Unit	bytes

This system variable was removed in MySQL 8.0.13.

metadata_locks_hash_instances

Command-Line Format	`--metadata-locks-hash-instances=#`
Deprecated	Yes (removed in 8.0.13)
System Variable	`metadata_locks_hash_instances`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`1024`

This system variable was removed in MySQL 8.0.13.

min_examined_row_limit

Command-Line Format	`--min-examined-row-limit=#`
System Variable	`min_examined_row_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

Queries that examine fewer than this number of rows are not logged to the slow query log.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

myisam_data_pointer_size

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-data-pointer-size=#`
System Variable	`myisam_data_pointer_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`6`
Minimum Value	`2`
Maximum Value	`7`
Unit	bytes

The default pointer size in bytes, to be used by CREATE TABLE for MyISAM tables when no MAX_ROWS option is specified. This variable cannot be less than 2 or larger than 7. The default value is 6. See Section B.3.2.10, “The table is full”.

myisam_max_sort_file_size

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-max-sort-file-size=#`
System Variable	`myisam_max_sort_file_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (Windows)	`2146435072`
Default Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`9223372036853727232`
Default Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`2147483648`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`2146435072`
Maximum Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`9223372036853727232`
Maximum Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`2147483648`
Unit	bytes

The maximum size of the temporary file that MySQL is permitted to use while re-creating a MyISAM index (during REPAIR TABLE, ALTER TABLE, or LOAD DATA). If the file size would be larger than this value, the index is created using the key cache instead, which is slower. The value is given in bytes.

If MyISAM index files exceed this size and disk space is available, increasing the value may help performance. The space must be available in the file system containing the directory where the original index file is located.

myisam_mmap_size

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-mmap-size=#`
System Variable	`myisam_mmap_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Default Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Minimum Value	`7`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

The maximum amount of memory to use for memory mapping compressed MyISAM files. If many compressed MyISAM tables are used, the value can be decreased to reduce the likelihood of memory-swapping problems.

myisam_recover_options

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-recover-options[=list]`
System Variable	`myisam_recover_options`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` `DEFAULT` `BACKUP` `FORCE` `QUICK`

Set the MyISAM storage engine recovery mode. The variable value is any combination of the values of OFF, DEFAULT, BACKUP, FORCE, or QUICK. If you specify multiple values, separate them by commas. Specifying the variable with no value at server startup is the same as specifying DEFAULT, and specifying with an explicit value of "" disables recovery (same as a value of OFF). If recovery is enabled, each time mysqld opens a MyISAM table, it checks whether the table is marked as crashed or was not closed properly. (The last option works only if you are running with external locking disabled.) If this is the case, mysqld runs a check on the table. If the table was corrupted, mysqld attempts to repair it.

The following options affect how the repair works.

Option	Description
`OFF`	No recovery.
`DEFAULT`	Recovery without backup, forcing, or quick checking.
`BACKUP`	If the data file was changed during recovery, save a backup of the `tbl_name.MYD` file as `tbl_name-datetime.BAK`.
`FORCE`	Run recovery even if we would lose more than one row from the `.MYD` file.
`QUICK`	Do not check the rows in the table if there are not any delete blocks.

Before the server automatically repairs a table, it writes a note about the repair to the error log. If you want to be able to recover from most problems without user intervention, you should use the options BACKUP,FORCE. This forces a repair of a table even if some rows would be deleted, but it keeps the old data file as a backup so that you can later examine what happened.

See Section 18.2.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”.

myisam_repair_threads

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-repair-threads=#`
Deprecated	8.0.29 (removed in 8.0.30)
System Variable	`myisam_repair_threads`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

Note

This system variable is deprecated in MySQL 8.0.29 and removed in MySQL 8.0.30.

From MySQL 8.0.29, values other than 1 produce a warning.

If this value is greater than 1, MyISAM table indexes are created in parallel (each index in its own thread) during the Repair by sorting process. The default value is 1.

Note

Multithreaded repair is beta-quality code.

myisam_sort_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-sort-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`myisam_sort_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8388608`
Minimum Value	`4096`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

The size of the buffer that is allocated when sorting MyISAM indexes during a REPAIR TABLE or when creating indexes with CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE.

myisam_stats_method

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-stats-method=name`
System Variable	`myisam_stats_method`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`nulls_unequal`
Valid Values	`nulls_unequal` `nulls_equal` `nulls_ignored`

How the server treats NULL values when collecting statistics about the distribution of index values for MyISAM tables. This variable has three possible values, nulls_equal, nulls_unequal, and nulls_ignored. For nulls_equal, all NULL index values are considered equal and form a single value group that has a size equal to the number of NULL values. For nulls_unequal, NULL values are considered unequal, and each NULL forms a distinct value group of size 1. For nulls_ignored, NULL values are ignored.

The method that is used for generating table statistics influences how the optimizer chooses indexes for query execution, as described in Section 10.3.8, “InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection”.

myisam_use_mmap

Command-Line Format	`--myisam-use-mmap[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`myisam_use_mmap`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Use memory mapping for reading and writing MyISAM tables.

mysql_native_password_proxy_users

Command-Line Format	`--mysql-native-password-proxy-users[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	8.0.16
System Variable	`mysql_native_password_proxy_users`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether the mysql_native_password built-in authentication plugin supports proxy users. It has no effect unless the check_proxy_users system variable is enabled. For information about user proxying, see Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

named_pipe

Command-Line Format	`--named-pipe[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`named_pipe`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Windows
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

(Windows only.) Indicates whether the server supports connections over named pipes.

named_pipe_full_access_group

Command-Line Format	`--named-pipe-full-access-group=value`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`named_pipe_full_access_group`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Windows
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`
Valid Values	`empty string` `valid Windows local group name` `everyone`

(Windows only.) The access control granted to clients on the named pipe created by the MySQL server is set to the minimum necessary for successful communication when the named_pipe system variable is enabled to support named-pipe connections. Some MySQL client software can open named pipe connections without any additional configuration; however, other client software may still require full access to open a named pipe connection.

This variable sets the name of a Windows local group whose members are granted sufficient access by the MySQL server to use named-pipe clients. As of MySQL 8.0.24, the default value is set to an empty string, which means that no Windows user is granted full access to the named pipe.

A new Windows local group name (for example, mysql_access_client_users) can be created in Windows and then used to replace the default value when access is absolutely necessary. In this case, limit the membership of the group to as few users as possible, removing users from the group when their client software is upgraded. A non-member of the group who attempts to open a connection to MySQL with the affected named-pipe client is denied access until a Windows administrator adds the user to the group. Newly added users must log out and log in again to join the group (required by Windows).

Setting the value to '*everyone*' provides a language-independent way of referring to the Everyone group on Windows. The Everyone group is not secure by default.

net_buffer_length

Command-Line Format	`--net-buffer-length=#`
System Variable	`net_buffer_length`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16384`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`1048576`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

Each client thread is associated with a connection buffer and result buffer. Both begin with a size given by net_buffer_length but are dynamically enlarged up to max_allowed_packet bytes as needed. The result buffer shrinks to net_buffer_length after each SQL statement.

This variable should not normally be changed, but if you have very little memory, you can set it to the expected length of statements sent by clients. If statements exceed this length, the connection buffer is automatically enlarged. The maximum value to which net_buffer_length can be set is 1MB.

The session value of this variable is read only.

net_read_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--net-read-timeout=#`
System Variable	`net_read_timeout`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`30`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

The number of seconds to wait for more data from a connection before aborting the read. When the server is reading from the client, net_read_timeout is the timeout value controlling when to abort. When the server is writing to the client, net_write_timeout is the timeout value controlling when to abort. See also replica_net_timeout and slave_net_timeout.

net_retry_count

Command-Line Format	`--net-retry-count=#`
System Variable	`net_retry_count`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`10`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`

If a read or write on a communication port is interrupted, retry this many times before giving up. This value should be set quite high on FreeBSD because internal interrupts are sent to all threads.

net_write_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--net-write-timeout=#`
System Variable	`net_write_timeout`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`60`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

The number of seconds to wait for a block to be written to a connection before aborting the write. See also net_read_timeout.

new

Command-Line Format	`--new[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	8.0.35
System Variable	`new`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Disabled by	`skip-new`
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable was used in MySQL 4.0 to turn on some 4.1 behaviors, and is retained for backward compatibility. Its value is always OFF.

This variable is deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.35, and is subject to removal in a future release.

In NDB Cluster, setting this variable to ON makes it possible to employ partitioning types other than KEY or LINEAR KEY with NDB tables. This experimental feature is not supported in production, and is now deprecated and thus subject to removal in a future release. For additional information, see User-defined partitioning and the NDB storage engine (NDB Cluster).

ngram_token_size

Command-Line Format	`--ngram-token-size=#`
System Variable	`ngram_token_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`2`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`10`

Defines the n-gram token size for the n-gram full-text parser. The ngram_token_size option is read-only and can only be modified at startup. The default value is 2 (bigram). The maximum value is 10.

For more information about how to configure this variable, see Section 14.9.8, “ngram Full-Text Parser”.

offline_mode

Command-Line Format	`--offline-mode[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`offline_mode`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

In offline mode, the MySQL instance disconnects client users unless they have relevant privileges, and does not allow them to initiate new connections. Clients that are refused access receive an ER_SERVER_OFFLINE_MODE error.

To put a server in offline mode, change the value of the offline_mode system variable from OFF to ON. To resume normal operations, change offline_mode from ON to OFF. To control offline mode, an administrator account must have the SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN privilege and the CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege, which covers both these privileges). CONNECTION_ADMIN is required from MySQL 8.0.31 and recommended in all releases to prevent accidental lockout.

Offline mode has these characteristics:

Connected client users who do not have the CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege) are disconnected on the next request, with an appropriate error. Disconnection includes terminating running statements and releasing locks. Such clients also cannot initiate new connections, and receive an appropriate error.
Connected client users who have the CONNECTION_ADMIN or SUPER privilege are not disconnected, and can initiate new connections to manage the server.
From MySQL 8.0.30, if the user that puts a server in offline mode does not have the SYSTEM_USER privilege, connected client users who have the SYSTEM_USER privilege are also not disconnected. However, these users cannot initiate new connections to the server while it is in offline mode, unless they have the CONNECTION_ADMIN or SUPER privilege as well. It is only their existing connection that cannot be terminated, because the SYSTEM_USER privilege is required to kill a session or statement that is executing with the SYSTEM_USER privilege.
Replication threads are permitted to keep applying data to the server.

old

Command-Line Format	`--old[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	8.0.35
System Variable	`old`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

old is a compatibility variable. It is disabled by default, but can be enabled at startup to revert the server to behaviors present in older versions.

When old is enabled, it changes the default scope of index hints to that used prior to MySQL 5.1.17. That is, index hints with no FOR clause apply only to how indexes are used for row retrieval and not to resolution of ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses. (See Section 10.9.4, “Index Hints”.) Take care about enabling this in a replication setup. With statement-based binary logging, having different modes for the source and replicas might lead to replication errors.

This variable is deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.35, and is subject to removal in a future release.

old_alter_table

Command-Line Format	`--old-alter-table[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`old_alter_table`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

When this variable is enabled, the server does not use the optimized method of processing an ALTER TABLE operation. It reverts to using a temporary table, copying over the data, and then renaming the temporary table to the original, as used by MySQL 5.0 and earlier. For more information on the operation of ALTER TABLE, see Section 15.1.9, “ALTER TABLE Statement”.

ALTER TABLE ... DROP PARTITION with old_alter_table=ON rebuilds the partitioned table and attempts to move data from the dropped partition to another partition with a compatible PARTITION ... VALUES definition. Data that cannot be moved to another partition is deleted. In earlier releases, ALTER TABLE ... DROP PARTITION with old_alter_table=ON deletes data stored in the partition and drops the partition.

open_files_limit

Command-Line Format	`--open-files-limit=#`
System Variable	`open_files_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`5000, with possible adjustment`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`platform dependent`

The number of file descriptors available to mysqld from the operating system:

At startup, mysqld reserves descriptors with setrlimit(), using the value requested at by setting this variable directly or by using the --open-files-limit option to mysqld_safe. If mysqld produces the error Too many open files, try increasing the open_files_limit value. Internally, the maximum value for this variable is the maximum unsigned integer value, but the actual maximum is platform dependent.
At runtime, the value of open_files_limit indicates the number of file descriptors actually permitted to mysqld by the operating system, which might differ from the value requested at startup. If the number of file descriptors requested during startup cannot be allocated, mysqld writes a warning to the error log.

The effective open_files_limit value is based on the value specified at system startup (if any) and the values of max_connections and table_open_cache, using these formulas:

10 + max_connections + (table_open_cache * 2). Using the defaults for these variables yields 8161.
On Windows only, 2048 (the value of the C Run-Time Library file descriptor maximum) is added to this number. This totals 10209, again using the default values for the indicated system variables.
max_connections * 5
MySQL 8.0.19 and higher: The operating system limit.
Prior to MySQL 8.0.19:
- The operating system limit if that limit is positive but not Infinity.
- If the operating system limit is Infinity: open_files_limit value if specified at startup, 5000 if not.

The server attempts to obtain the number of file descriptors using the maximum of those values, capped to the maximum unsigned integer value. If that many descriptors cannot be obtained, the server attempts to obtain as many as the system permits.

The effective value is 0 on systems where MySQL cannot change the number of open files.

On Unix, the value cannot be set greater than the value displayed by the ulimit -n command. On Linux systems using systemd, the value cannot be set greater than LimitNOFILE (this is DefaultLimitNOFILE, if LimitNOFILE is not set); otherwise, on Linux, the value of open_files_limit cannot exceed ulimit -n.

optimizer_prune_level

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-prune-level=#`
System Variable	`optimizer_prune_level`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1`

Controls the heuristics applied during query optimization to prune less-promising partial plans from the optimizer search space. A value of 0 disables heuristics so that the optimizer performs an exhaustive search. A value of 1 causes the optimizer to prune plans based on the number of rows retrieved by intermediate plans.

optimizer_search_depth

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-search-depth=#`
System Variable	`optimizer_search_depth`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`62`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`62`

The maximum depth of search performed by the query optimizer. Values larger than the number of relations in a query result in better query plans, but take longer to generate an execution plan for a query. Values smaller than the number of relations in a query return an execution plan quicker, but the resulting plan may be far from being optimal. If set to 0, the system automatically picks a reasonable value.

optimizer_switch

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-switch=value`
System Variable	`optimizer_switch`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Set
Valid Values (≥ 8.0.22)	`batched_key_access={on\|off}` `block_nested_loop={on\|off}` `condition_fanout_filter={on\|off}` `derived_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `derived_merge={on\|off}` `duplicateweedout={on\|off}` `engine_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `firstmatch={on\|off}` `hash_join={on\|off}` `index_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `index_merge={on\|off}` `index_merge_intersection={on\|off}` `index_merge_sort_union={on\|off}` `index_merge_union={on\|off}` `loosescan={on\|off}` `materialization={on\|off}` `mrr={on\|off}` `mrr_cost_based={on\|off}` `prefer_ordering_index={on\|off}` `semijoin={on\|off}` `skip_scan={on\|off}` `subquery_materialization_cost_based={on\|off}` `subquery_to_derived={on\|off}` `use_index_extensions={on\|off}` `use_invisible_indexes={on\|off}`
Valid Values (≥ 8.0.21, ≤ 8.0.22)	`batched_key_access={on\|off}` `block_nested_loop={on\|off}` `condition_fanout_filter={on\|off}` `derived_merge={on\|off}` `duplicateweedout={on\|off}` `engine_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `firstmatch={on\|off}` `hash_join={on\|off}` `index_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `index_merge={on\|off}` `index_merge_intersection={on\|off}` `index_merge_sort_union={on\|off}` `index_merge_union={on\|off}` `loosescan={on\|off}` `materialization={on\|off}` `mrr={on\|off}` `mrr_cost_based={on\|off}` `prefer_ordering_index={on\|off}` `semijoin={on\|off}` `skip_scan={on\|off}` `subquery_materialization_cost_based={on\|off}` `subquery_to_derived={on\|off}` `use_index_extensions={on\|off}` `use_invisible_indexes={on\|off}`
Valid Values (≥ 8.0.18, ≤ 8.0.20)	`batched_key_access={on\|off}` `block_nested_loop={on\|off}` `condition_fanout_filter={on\|off}` `derived_merge={on\|off}` `duplicateweedout={on\|off}` `engine_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `firstmatch={on\|off}` `hash_join={on\|off}` `index_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `index_merge={on\|off}` `index_merge_intersection={on\|off}` `index_merge_sort_union={on\|off}` `index_merge_union={on\|off}` `loosescan={on\|off}` `materialization={on\|off}` `mrr={on\|off}` `mrr_cost_based={on\|off}` `semijoin={on\|off}` `skip_scan={on\|off}` `subquery_materialization_cost_based={on\|off}` `use_index_extensions={on\|off}` `use_invisible_indexes={on\|off}`
Valid Values (≥ 8.0.13, ≤ 8.0.17)	`batched_key_access={on\|off}` `block_nested_loop={on\|off}` `condition_fanout_filter={on\|off}` `derived_merge={on\|off}` `duplicateweedout={on\|off}` `engine_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `firstmatch={on\|off}` `index_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `index_merge={on\|off}` `index_merge_intersection={on\|off}` `index_merge_sort_union={on\|off}` `index_merge_union={on\|off}` `loosescan={on\|off}` `materialization={on\|off}` `mrr={on\|off}` `mrr_cost_based={on\|off}` `semijoin={on\|off}` `skip_scan={on\|off}` `subquery_materialization_cost_based={on\|off}` `use_index_extensions={on\|off}` `use_invisible_indexes={on\|off}`
Valid Values (≤ 8.0.12)	`batched_key_access={on\|off}` `block_nested_loop={on\|off}` `condition_fanout_filter={on\|off}` `derived_merge={on\|off}` `duplicateweedout={on\|off}` `engine_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `firstmatch={on\|off}` `index_condition_pushdown={on\|off}` `index_merge={on\|off}` `index_merge_intersection={on\|off}` `index_merge_sort_union={on\|off}` `index_merge_union={on\|off}` `loosescan={on\|off}` `materialization={on\|off}` `mrr={on\|off}` `mrr_cost_based={on\|off}` `semijoin={on\|off}` `subquery_materialization_cost_based={on\|off}` `use_index_extensions={on\|off}` `use_invisible_indexes={on\|off}`

The optimizer_switch system variable enables control over optimizer behavior. The value of this variable is a set of flags, each of which has a value of on or off to indicate whether the corresponding optimizer behavior is enabled or disabled. This variable has global and session values and can be changed at runtime. The global default can be set at server startup.

To see the current set of optimizer flags, select the variable value:

mysql> SELECT @@optimizer_switch\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
@@optimizer_switch: index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,
                    index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,
                    engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,
                    mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,
                    batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,
                    loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,
                    subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,
                    use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,
                    derived_merge=on,use_invisible_indexes=off,skip_scan=on,
                    hash_join=on,subquery_to_derived=off,
                    prefer_ordering_index=on,hypergraph_optimizer=off,
                    derived_condition_pushdown=on

For more information about the syntax of this variable and the optimizer behaviors that it controls, see Section 10.9.2, “Switchable Optimizations”.

optimizer_trace

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-trace=value`
System Variable	`optimizer_trace`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

This variable controls optimizer tracing. For details, see Section 10.15, “Tracing the Optimizer”.

optimizer_trace_features

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-trace-features=value`
System Variable	`optimizer_trace_features`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

This variable enables or disables selected optimizer tracing features. For details, see Section 10.15, “Tracing the Optimizer”.

optimizer_trace_limit

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-trace-limit=#`
System Variable	`optimizer_trace_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`

The maximum number of optimizer traces to display. For details, see Section 10.15, “Tracing the Optimizer”.

optimizer_trace_max_mem_size

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-trace-max-mem-size=#`
System Variable	`optimizer_trace_max_mem_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1048576`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

The maximum cumulative size of stored optimizer traces. For details, see Section 10.15, “Tracing the Optimizer”.

optimizer_trace_offset

Command-Line Format	`--optimizer-trace-offset=#`
System Variable	`optimizer_trace_offset`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`-1`
Minimum Value	`-2147483647`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`

The offset of optimizer traces to display. For details, see Section 10.15, “Tracing the Optimizer”.

performance_schema_xxx

Performance Schema system variables are listed in Section 29.15, “Performance Schema System Variables”. These variables may be used to configure Performance Schema operation.

parser_max_mem_size

Command-Line Format	`--parser-max-mem-size=#`
System Variable	`parser_max_mem_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Default Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Minimum Value	`10000000`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

The maximum amount of memory available to the parser. The default value places no limit on memory available. The value can be reduced to protect against out-of-memory situations caused by parsing long or complex SQL statements.

partial_revokes

Command-Line Format	`--partial-revokes[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.16
System Variable	`partial_revokes`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF` (if partial revokes do not exist) `ON` (if partial revokes exist)

Enabling this variable makes it possible to revoke privileges partially. Specifically, for users who have privileges at the global level, partial_revokes enables privileges for specific schemas to be revoked while leaving the privileges in place for other schemas. For example, a user who has the global UPDATE privilege can be restricted from exercising this privilege on the mysql system schema. (Or, stated another way, the user is enabled to exercise the UPDATE privilege on all schemas except the mysql schema.) In this sense, the user's global UPDATE privilege is partially revoked.

Once enabled, partial_revokes cannot be disabled if any account has privilege restrictions. If any such account exists, disabling partial_revokes fails:

For attempts to disable partial_revokes at startup, the server logs an error message and enables partial_revokes.
For attempts to disable partial_revokes at runtime, an error occurs and the partial_revokes value remains unchanged.

To disable partial_revokes in this case, first modify each account that has partially revoked privileges, either by re-granting the privileges or by removing the account.

Note

In privilege assignments, enabling partial_revokes causes MySQL to interpret occurrences of unescaped _ and % SQL wildcard characters in schema names as literal characters, just as if they had been escaped as \_ and \%. Because this changes how MySQL interprets privileges, it may be advisable to avoid unescaped wildcard characters in privilege assignments for installations where partial_revokes may be enabled.

In addition, use of _ and % as wildcard characters in grants is deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.35, and you should expect support for them to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

For more information, including instructions for removing partial revokes, see Section 8.2.12, “Privilege Restriction Using Partial Revokes”.

password_history

Command-Line Format	`--password-history=#`
System Variable	`password_history`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

This variable defines the global policy for controlling reuse of previous passwords based on required minimum number of password changes. For an account password used previously, this variable indicates the number of subsequent account password changes that must occur before the password can be reused. If the value is 0 (the default), there is no reuse restriction based on number of password changes.

Changes to this variable apply immediately to all accounts defined with the PASSWORD HISTORY DEFAULT option.

The global number-of-changes password reuse policy can be overridden as desired for individual accounts using the PASSWORD HISTORY option of the CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements. See Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

password_require_current

Command-Line Format	`--password-require-current[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`password_require_current`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable defines the global policy for controlling whether attempts to change an account password must specify the current password to be replaced.

Changes to this variable apply immediately to all accounts defined with the PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT DEFAULT option.

The global verification-required policy can be overridden as desired for individual accounts using the PASSWORD REQUIRE option of the CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements. See Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

password_reuse_interval

Command-Line Format	`--password-reuse-interval=#`
System Variable	`password_reuse_interval`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`
Unit	days

This variable defines the global policy for controlling reuse of previous passwords based on time elapsed. For an account password used previously, this variable indicates the number of days that must pass before the password can be reused. If the value is 0 (the default), there is no reuse restriction based on time elapsed.

Changes to this variable apply immediately to all accounts defined with the PASSWORD REUSE INTERVAL DEFAULT option.

The global time-elapsed password reuse policy can be overridden as desired for individual accounts using the PASSWORD REUSE INTERVAL option of the CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements. See Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

persisted_globals_load

Command-Line Format	`--persisted-globals-load[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`persisted_globals_load`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Whether to load persisted configuration settings from the mysqld-auto.cnf file in the data directory. The server normally processes this file at startup after all other option files (see Section 6.2.2.2, “Using Option Files”). Disabling persisted_globals_load causes the server startup sequence to skip mysqld-auto.cnf.

To modify the contents of mysqld-auto.cnf, use the SET PERSIST, SET PERSIST_ONLY, and RESET PERSIST statements. See Section 7.1.9.3, “Persisted System Variables”.

persist_only_admin_x509_subject

Command-Line Format	`--persist-only-admin-x509-subject=string`
Introduced	8.0.14
System Variable	`persist_only_admin_x509_subject`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

SET PERSIST and SET PERSIST_ONLY enable system variables to be persisted to the mysqld-auto.cnf option file in the data directory (see Section 15.7.6.1, “SET Syntax for Variable Assignment”). Persisting system variables enables runtime configuration changes that affect subsequent server restarts, which is convenient for remote administration not requiring direct access to MySQL server host option files. However, some system variables are nonpersistible or can be persisted only under certain restrictive conditions.

The persist_only_admin_x509_subject system variable specifies the SSL certificate X.509 Subject value that users must have to be able to persist system variables that are persist-restricted. The default value is the empty string, which disables the Subject check so that persist-restricted system variables cannot be persisted by any user.

If persist_only_admin_x509_subject is nonempty, users who connect to the server using an encrypted connection and supply an SSL certificate with the designated Subject value then can use SET PERSIST_ONLY to persist persist-restricted system variables. For information about persist-restricted system variables and instructions for configuring MySQL to enable persist_only_admin_x509_subject, see Section 7.1.9.4, “Nonpersistible and Persist-Restricted System Variables”.

persist_sensitive_variables_in_plaintext

Command-Line Format	`--persist_sensitive_variables_in_plaintext[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.29
System Variable	`persist_sensitive_variables_in_plaintext`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

persist_sensitive_variables_in_plaintext controls whether the server is permitted to store the values of sensitive system variables in an unencrypted format, if keyring component support is not available at the time when SET PERSIST is used to set the value of the system variable. It also controls whether or not the server can start if the encrypted values cannot be decrypted. Note that keyring plugins do not support secure storage of sensitive system variables; a keyring component (see Section 8.4.4, “The MySQL Keyring”) must be enabled on the MySQL Server instance to support secure storage.

The default setting, ON, encrypts the values if keyring component support is available, and persists them unencrypted (with a warning) if it is not. The next time any persisted system variable is set, if keyring support is available at that time, the server encrypts the values of any unencrypted sensitive system variables. The ON setting also allows the server to start if encrypted system variable values cannot be decrypted, in which case a warning is issued and the default values for the system variables are used. In that situation, their values cannot be changed until they can be decrypted.

The most secure setting, OFF, means sensitive system variable values cannot be persisted if keyring component support is unavailable. The OFF setting also means the server does not start if encrypted system variable values cannot be decrypted.

For more information, see Persisting Sensitive System Variables.

pid_file

Command-Line Format	`--pid-file=file_name`
System Variable	`pid_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name

The path name of the file in which the server writes its process ID. The server creates the file in the data directory unless an absolute path name is given to specify a different directory. If you specify this variable, you must specify a value. If you do not specify this variable, MySQL uses a default value of host_name.pid, where host_name is the name of the host machine.

The process ID file is used by other programs such as mysqld_safe to determine the server's process ID. On Windows, this variable also affects the default error log file name. See Section 7.4.2, “The Error Log”.

plugin_dir

Command-Line Format	`--plugin-dir=dir_name`
System Variable	`plugin_dir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`BASEDIR/lib/plugin`

The path name of the plugin directory.

If the plugin directory is writable by the server, it may be possible for a user to write executable code to a file in the directory using SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE. This can be prevented by making plugin_dir read only to the server or by setting secure_file_priv to a directory where SELECT writes can be made safely.

port

Command-Line Format	`--port=port_num`
System Variable	`port`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`3306`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`65535`

The number of the port on which the server listens for TCP/IP connections. This variable can be set with the --port option.

preload_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--preload-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`preload_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`32768`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`1073741824`
Unit	bytes

The size of the buffer that is allocated when preloading indexes.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

print_identified_with_as_hex

Command-Line Format	`--print-identified-with-as-hex[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.17
System Variable	`print_identified_with_as_hex`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Password hash values displayed in the IDENTIFIED WITH clause of output from SHOW CREATE USER may contain unprintable characters that have adverse effects on terminal displays and in other environments. Enabling print_identified_with_as_hex causes SHOW CREATE USER to display such hash values as hexadecimal strings rather than as regular string literals. Hash values that do not contain unprintable characters still display as regular string literals, even with this variable enabled.

profiling

If set to 0 or OFF (the default), statement profiling is disabled. If set to 1 or ON, statement profiling is enabled and the SHOW PROFILE and SHOW PROFILES statements provide access to profiling information. See Section 15.7.7.31, “SHOW PROFILES Statement”.

This variable is deprecated; expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.

profiling_history_size

The number of statements for which to maintain profiling information if profiling is enabled. The default value is 15. The maximum value is 100. Setting the value to 0 effectively disables profiling. See Section 15.7.7.31, “SHOW PROFILES Statement”.

This variable is deprecated; expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.

protocol_compression_algorithms

Command-Line Format	`--protocol-compression-algorithms=value`
Introduced	8.0.18
System Variable	`protocol_compression_algorithms`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Set
Default Value	`zlib,zstd,uncompressed`
Valid Values	`zlib` `zstd` `uncompressed`

The compression algorithms that the server permits for incoming connections. These include connections by client programs and by servers participating in source/replica replication or Group Replication. Compression does not apply to connections for FEDERATED tables.

protocol_compression_algorithms does not control connection compression for X Protocol. See Section 22.5.5, “Connection Compression with X Plugin” for information on how this operates.

The variable value is a list of one or more comma-separated compression algorithm names, in any order, chosen from the following items (not case-sensitive):

zlib: Permit connections that use the zlib compression algorithm.
zstd: Permit connections that use the zstd compression algorithm.
uncompressed: Permit uncompressed connections. If this algorithm name is not included in the protocol_compression_algorithms value, the server does not permit uncompressed connections. It permits only compressed connections that use whichever other algorithms are specified in the value, and there is no fallback to uncompressed connections.

The default value of zlib,zstd,uncompressed indicates that the server permits all compression algorithms.

For more information, see Section 6.2.8, “Connection Compression Control”.

protocol_version

System Variable	`protocol_version`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`10`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

The version of the client/server protocol used by the MySQL server.

proxy_user

System Variable	`proxy_user`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

If the current client is a proxy for another user, this variable is the proxy user account name. Otherwise, this variable is NULL. See Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

pseudo_replica_mode

Introduced	8.0.26
System Variable	`pseudo_replica_mode`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean

From MySQL 8.0.26, pseudo_replica_mode is used in place of pseudo_slave_mode, which is deprecated from that release. The operation and effects are the same, only the terminology has changed.

pseudo_replica_mode is for internal server use. It assists with the correct handling of transactions that originated on older or newer servers than the server currently processing them. mysqlbinlog sets the value of pseudo_replica_mode to true before executing any SQL statements.

Setting the session value of pseudo_replica_mode is a restricted operation. The session user must have either the REPLICATION_APPLIER privilege (see Section 19.3.3, “Replication Privilege Checks”), or privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”). However, note that the variable is not intended for users to set; it is set automatically by the replication infrastructure.

pseudo_replica_mode has the following effects on the handling of prepared XA transactions, which can be attached to or detached from the handling session (by default, the session that issues XA START):

If true, and the handling session has executed an internal-use BINLOG statement, XA transactions are automatically detached from the session as soon as the first part of the transaction up to XA PREPARE finishes, so they can be committed or rolled back by any session that has the XA_RECOVER_ADMIN privilege.
If false, XA transactions remain attached to the handling session as long as that session is alive, during which time no other session can commit the transaction. The prepared transaction is only detached if the session disconnects or the server restarts.

pseudo_replica_mode has the following effects on the original_commit_timestamp replication delay timestamp and the original_server_version system variable:

If true, transactions that do not explicitly set original_commit_timestamp or original_server_version are assumed to originate on another, unknown server, so the value 0, meaning unknown, is assigned to both the timestamp and the system variable.
If false, transactions that do not explicitly set original_commit_timestamp or original_server_version are assumed to originate on the current server, so the current timestamp and the current server's version are assigned to the timestamp and the system variable.

In MySQL 8.0.14 and later, pseudo_replica_mode has the following effects on the handling of a statement that sets one or more unsupported (removed or unknown) SQL modes:

If true, the server ignores the unsupported mode and raises a warning.
If false, the server rejects the statement with ER_UNSUPPORTED_SQL_MODE.

pseudo_slave_mode

Deprecated	8.0.26
System Variable	`pseudo_slave_mode`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean

From MySQL 8.0.26, pseudo_slave_mode is deprecated and the alias pseudo_replica_mode is used instead. pseudo_slave_mode is for internal server use. It assists with the correct handling of transactions that originated on older or newer servers than the server currently processing them. mysqlbinlog sets the value of pseudo_slave_mode to true before executing any SQL statements.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have either the REPLICATION_APPLIER privilege (see Section 19.3.3, “Replication Privilege Checks”), or privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”). However, note that the variable is not intended for users to set; it is set automatically by the replication infrastructure.

See the description of the pseudo_replica_mode system variable for the effects of pseudo_slave_mode.

pseudo_thread_id

System Variable	`pseudo_thread_id`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`2147483647`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`

This variable is for internal server use.

Warning

Changing the session value of the pseudo_thread_id system variable changes the value returned by the CONNECTION_ID() function.

As of MySQL 8.0.14, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

query_alloc_block_size

Command-Line Format	`--query-alloc-block-size=#`
System Variable	`query_alloc_block_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8192`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`4294966272`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

The allocation size in bytes of memory blocks that are allocated for objects created during statement parsing and execution. If you have problems with memory fragmentation, it might help to increase this parameter.

The block size for the byte number is 1024. A value that is not an exact multiple of the block size is rounded down to the next lower multiple of the block size by MySQL Server before storing the value for the system variable. The parser allows values up to the maximum unsigned integer value for the platform (4294967295 or 2³²−1 for a 32-bit system, 18446744073709551615 or 2⁶⁴−1 for a 64-bit system) but the actual maximum is a block size lower.

query_prealloc_size

Command-Line Format	`--query-prealloc-size=#`
Deprecated	8.0.29
System Variable	`query_prealloc_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8192`
Minimum Value	`8192`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709550592`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294966272`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

MySQL 8.0.28 and earlier: This sets the size in bytes of the persistent buffer used for statement parsing and execution. This buffer is not freed between statements. If you are running complex queries, a larger query_prealloc_size value might be helpful in improving performance, because it can reduce the need for the server to perform memory allocation during query execution operations. You should be aware that doing this does not necessarily eliminate allocation completely; the server may still allocate memory in some situations, such as for operations relating to transactions, or to stored programs.

As of MySQL 8.0.29, query_prealloc_size is deprecated, and setting it no longer has any effect; you should expect its removal in a future release of MySQL.

rand_seed1

System Variable	`rand_seed1`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`N/A`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967295`

The rand_seed1 and rand_seed2 variables exist as session variables only, and can be set but not read. The variables—but not their values—are shown in the output of SHOW VARIABLES.

The purpose of these variables is to support replication of the RAND() function. For statements that invoke RAND(), the source passes two values to the replica, where they are used to seed the random number generator. The replica uses these values to set the session variables rand_seed1 and rand_seed2 so that RAND() on the replica generates the same value as on the source.

rand_seed2

See the description for rand_seed1.

range_alloc_block_size

Command-Line Format	`--range-alloc-block-size=#`
System Variable	`range_alloc_block_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4096`
Minimum Value	`4096`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709550592`
Maximum Value	`4294966272`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

The size in bytes of blocks that are allocated when doing range optimization.

The block size for the byte number is 1024. A value that is not an exact multiple of the block size is rounded down to the next lower multiple of the block size by MySQL Server before storing the value for the system variable. The parser allows values up to the maximum unsigned integer value for the platform (4294967295 or 2³²−1 for a 32-bit system, 18446744073709551615 or 2⁶⁴−1 for a 64-bit system) but the actual maximum is a block size lower.

range_optimizer_max_mem_size

Command-Line Format	`--range-optimizer-max-mem-size=#`
System Variable	`range_optimizer_max_mem_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8388608`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`
Unit	bytes

The limit on memory consumption for the range optimizer. A value of 0 means “no limit.” If an execution plan considered by the optimizer uses the range access method but the optimizer estimates that the amount of memory needed for this method would exceed the limit, it abandons the plan and considers other plans. For more information, see Limiting Memory Use for Range Optimization.

rbr_exec_mode

System Variable	`rbr_exec_mode`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`STRICT`
Valid Values	`STRICT` `IDEMPOTENT`

For internal use by mysqlbinlog. This variable switches the server between IDEMPOTENT mode and STRICT mode. IDEMPOTENT mode causes suppression of duplicate-key and no-key-found errors in BINLOG statements generated by mysqlbinlog. This mode is useful when replaying a row-based binary log on a server that causes conflicts with existing data. mysqlbinlog sets this mode when you specify the --idempotent option by writing the following to the output:

SET SESSION RBR_EXEC_MODE=IDEMPOTENT;

As of MySQL 8.0.18, setting the session value of this system variable is no longer a restricted operation.

read_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--read-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`read_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`131072`
Minimum Value	`8192`
Maximum Value	`2147479552`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`4096`

Each thread that does a sequential scan for a MyISAM table allocates a buffer of this size (in bytes) for each table it scans. If you do many sequential scans, you might want to increase this value, which defaults to 131072. The value of this variable should be a multiple of 4KB. If it is set to a value that is not a multiple of 4KB, its value is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 4KB.

This option is also used in the following context for all other storage engines with the exception of InnoDB:

For caching the indexes in a temporary file (not a temporary table), when sorting rows for ORDER BY.
For bulk insert into partitions.
For caching results of nested queries.

read_buffer_size is also used in one other storage engine-specific way: to determine the memory block size for MEMORY tables.

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.22, the value of select_into_buffer_size is used in place of the value of read_buffer_size for the I/O cache buffer used when executing SELECT INTO DUMPFILE and SELECT INTO OUTFILE statements. (read_buffer_size is used for the I/O cache buffer size in all other cases.)

For more information about memory use during different operations, see Section 10.12.3.1, “How MySQL Uses Memory”.

read_only

Command-Line Format	`--read-only[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`read_only`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If the read_only system variable is enabled, the server permits no client updates except from users who have the CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege). This variable is disabled by default.

The server also supports a super_read_only system variable (disabled by default), which has these effects:

If super_read_only is enabled, the server prohibits client updates, even from users who have the CONNECTION_ADMIN or SUPER privilege.
Setting super_read_only to ON implicitly forces read_only to ON.
Setting read_only to OFF implicitly forces super_read_only to OFF.

When read_only is enabled and when super_read_only is enabled, the server still permits these operations:

Updates performed by replication threads, if the server is a replica. In replication setups, it can be useful to enable read_only on replica servers to ensure that replicas accept updates only from the source server and not from clients.
Writes to the system table mysql.gtid_executed, which stores GTIDs for executed transactions that are not present in the current binary log file.
Use of ANALYZE TABLE or OPTIMIZE TABLE statements. The purpose of read-only mode is to prevent changes to table structure or contents. Analysis and optimization do not qualify as such changes. This means, for example, that consistency checks on read-only replicas can be performed with mysqlcheck --all-databases --analyze.
Use of FLUSH STATUS statements, which are always written to the binary log.
Operations on TEMPORARY tables.
Inserts into the log tables (mysql.general_log and mysql.slow_log); see Section 7.4.1, “Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations”.
Updates to Performance Schema tables, such as UPDATE or TRUNCATE TABLE operations.

Changes to read_only on a replication source server are not replicated to replica servers. The value can be set on a replica independent of the setting on the source.

The following conditions apply to attempts to enable read_only (including implicit attempts resulting from enabling super_read_only):

The attempt fails and an error occurs if you have any explicit locks (acquired with LOCK TABLES) or have a pending transaction.
The attempt blocks while other clients have any ongoing statement, active LOCK TABLES WRITE, or ongoing commit, until the locks are released and the statements and transactions end. While the attempt to enable read_only is pending, requests by other clients for table locks or to begin transactions also block until read_only has been set.
The attempt blocks if there are active transactions that hold metadata locks, until those transactions end.
read_only can be enabled while you hold a global read lock (acquired with FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK) because that does not involve table locks.

read_rnd_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--read-rnd-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`read_rnd_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`262144`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`
Unit	bytes

This variable is used for reads from MyISAM tables, and, for any storage engine, for Multi-Range Read optimization.

When reading rows from a MyISAM table in sorted order following a key-sorting operation, the rows are read through this buffer to avoid disk seeks. See Section 10.2.1.16, “ORDER BY Optimization”. Setting the variable to a large value can improve ORDER BY performance by a lot. However, this is a buffer allocated for each client, so you should not set the global variable to a large value. Instead, change the session variable only from within those clients that need to run large queries.

For more information about memory use during different operations, see Section 10.12.3.1, “How MySQL Uses Memory”. For information about Multi-Range Read optimization, see Section 10.2.1.11, “Multi-Range Read Optimization”.

regexp_stack_limit

Command-Line Format	`--regexp-stack-limit=#`
System Variable	`regexp_stack_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8000000`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`
Unit	bytes

The maximum available memory in bytes for the internal stack used for regular expression matching operations performed by REGEXP_LIKE() and similar functions (see Section 14.8.2, “Regular Expressions”).

regexp_time_limit

Command-Line Format	`--regexp-time-limit=#`
System Variable	`regexp_time_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`32`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`

The time limit for regular expression matching operations performed by REGEXP_LIKE() and similar functions (see Section 14.8.2, “Regular Expressions”). This limit is expressed as the maximum permitted number of steps performed by the match engine, and thus affects execution time only indirectly. Typically, it is on the order of milliseconds.

require_row_format

Introduced	8.0.19
System Variable	`require_row_format`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable is for internal server use by replication and mysqlbinlog. It restricts DML events executed in the session to events encoded in row-based binary logging format only, and temporary tables cannot be created. Queries that do not respect the restrictions fail.

Setting the session value of this system variable to ON requires no privileges. Setting the session value of this system variable to OFF is a restricted operation, and the session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

require_secure_transport

Command-Line Format	`--require-secure-transport[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`require_secure_transport`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether client connections to the server are required to use some form of secure transport. When this variable is enabled, the server permits only TCP/IP connections encrypted using TLS/SSL, or connections that use a socket file (on Unix) or shared memory (on Windows). The server rejects nonsecure connection attempts, which fail with an ER_SECURE_TRANSPORT_REQUIRED error.

This capability supplements per-account SSL requirements, which take precedence. For example, if an account is defined with REQUIRE SSL, enabling require_secure_transport does not make it possible to use the account to connect using a Unix socket file.

It is possible for a server to have no secure transports available. For example, a server on Windows supports no secure transports if started without specifying any SSL certificate or key files and with the shared_memory system variable disabled. Under these conditions, attempts to enable require_secure_transport at startup cause the server to write a message to the error log and exit. Attempts to enable the variable at runtime fail with an ER_NO_SECURE_TRANSPORTS_CONFIGURED error.

resultset_metadata

System Variable	`resultset_metadata`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`FULL`
Valid Values	`FULL` `NONE`

For connections for which metadata transfer is optional, the client sets the resultset_metadata system variable to control whether the server returns result set metadata. Permitted values are FULL (return all metadata; this is the default) and NONE (return no metadata).

For connections that are not metadata-optional, setting resultset_metadata to NONE produces an error.

For details about managing result set metadata transfer, see Optional Result Set Metadata.

secondary_engine_cost_threshold

Introduced	8.0.16
System Variable	`secondary_engine_cost_threshold`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Numeric
Default Value	`100000.000000`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`DBL_MAX (maximum double value)`

The optimizer cost threshold for query offload to a secondary engine.

For use with HeatWave. See HeatWave User Guide.

schema_definition_cache

Command-Line Format	`--schema-definition-cache=#`
System Variable	`schema_definition_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`256`
Minimum Value	`256`
Maximum Value	`524288`

Defines a limit for the number of schema definition objects, both used and unused, that can be kept in the dictionary object cache.

Unused schema definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache when the number in use is less than the capacity defined by schema_definition_cache.

A setting of 0 means that schema definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache while they are in use.

For more information, see Section 16.4, “Dictionary Object Cache”.

secure_file_priv

Command-Line Format	`--secure-file-priv=dir_name`
System Variable	`secure_file_priv`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`platform specific`
Valid Values	`empty string` `dirname` `NULL`

This variable is used to limit the effect of data import and export operations, such as those performed by the LOAD DATA and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE statements and the LOAD_FILE() function. These operations are permitted only to users who have the FILE privilege.

secure_file_priv may be set as follows:

If empty, the variable has no effect. This is not a secure setting.
If set to the name of a directory, the server limits import and export operations to work only with files in that directory. The directory must exist; the server does not create it.
If set to NULL, the server disables import and export operations.

The default value is platform specific and depends on the value of the INSTALL_LAYOUT CMake option, as shown in the following table. To specify the default secure_file_priv value explicitly if you are building from source, use the INSTALL_SECURE_FILE_PRIVDIR CMake option.

`INSTALL_LAYOUT` Value	Default `secure_file_priv` Value
`STANDALONE`	empty
`DEB`, `RPM`, `SVR4`	`/var/lib/mysql-files`
Otherwise	`mysql-files` under the `CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX` value

The server checks the value of secure_file_priv at startup and writes a warning to the error log if the value is insecure. A non-NULL value is considered insecure if it is empty, or the value is the data directory or a subdirectory of it, or a directory that is accessible by all users. If secure_file_priv is set to a nonexistent path, the server writes an error message to the error log and exits.

select_into_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--select-into-buffer-size=#`
Introduced	8.0.22
System Variable	`select_into_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`131072`
Minimum Value	`8192`
Maximum Value	`2147479552`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`4096`

When using SELECT INTO OUTFILE or SELECT INTO DUMPFILE to dump data into one or more files for backup creation, data migration, or other purposes, writes can often be buffered and then trigger a large burst of write I/O activity to the disk or other storage device and stall other queries that are more sensitive to latency. You can use this variable to control the size of the buffer used to write data to the storage device to determine when buffer synchronization should occur, and thus to prevent write stalls of the kind just described from occurring.

select_into_buffer_size overrides any value set for read_buffer_size. (select_into_buffer_size and read_buffer_size have the same default, maximum, and minimum values.) You can also use select_into_disk_sync_delay to set a timeout to be observed afterwards, each time synchronization takes place.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

select_into_disk_sync

Command-Line Format	`--select-into-disk-sync={ON\|OFF}`
Introduced	8.0.22
System Variable	`select_into_disk_sync`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` `ON`

When set on ON, enables buffer synchronization of writes to an output file by a long-running SELECT INTO OUTFILE or SELECT INTO DUMPFILE statement using select_into_buffer_size.

select_into_disk_sync_delay

Command-Line Format	`--select-into-disk-sync-delay=#`
Introduced	8.0.22
System Variable	`select_into_disk_sync_delay`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	milliseconds

When buffer synchronization of writes to an output file by a long-running SELECT INTO OUTFILE or SELECT INTO DUMPFILE statement is enabled by select_into_disk_sync, this variable sets an optional delay (in milliseconds) following synchronization. 0 (the default) means no delay.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

session_track_gtids

Command-Line Format	`--session-track-gtids=value`
System Variable	`session_track_gtids`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` `OWN_GTID` `ALL_GTIDS`

Controls whether the server returns GTIDs to the client, enabling the client to use them to track the server state. Depending on the variable value, at the end of executing each transaction, the server’s GTIDs are captured and returned to the client as part of the acknowledgement. The possible values for session_track_gtids are as follows:

OFF: The server does not return GTIDs to the client. This is the default.
OWN_GTID: The server returns the GTIDs for all transactions that were successfully committed by this client in its current session since the last acknowledgement. Typically, this is the single GTID for the last transaction committed, but if a single client request resulted in multiple transactions, the server returns a GTID set containing all the relevant GTIDs.
ALL_GTIDS: The server returns the global value of its gtid_executed system variable, which it reads at a point after the transaction is successfully committed. As well as the GTID for the transaction just committed, this GTID set includes all transactions committed on the server by any client, and can include transactions committed after the point when the transaction currently being acknowledged was committed.

session_track_gtids cannot be set within transactional context.

For more information about session state tracking, see Section 7.1.18, “Server Tracking of Client Session State”.

session_track_schema

Command-Line Format	`--session-track-schema[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`session_track_schema`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Controls whether the server tracks when the default schema (database) is set within the current session and notifies the client to make the schema name available.

If the schema name tracker is enabled, name notification occurs each time the default schema is set, even if the new schema name is the same as the old.

For more information about session state tracking, see Section 7.1.18, “Server Tracking of Client Session State”.

session_track_state_change

Command-Line Format	`--session-track-state-change[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`session_track_state_change`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Controls whether the server tracks changes to the state of the current session and notifies the client when state changes occur. Changes can be reported for these attributes of client session state:

The default schema (database).
Session-specific values for system variables.
User-defined variables.
Temporary tables.
Prepared statements.

If the session state tracker is enabled, notification occurs for each change that involves tracked session attributes, even if the new attribute values are the same as the old. For example, setting a user-defined variable to its current value results in a notification.

The session_track_state_change variable controls only notification of when changes occur, not what the changes are. For example, state-change notifications occur when the default schema is set or tracked session system variables are assigned, but the notification does not include the schema name or variable values. To receive notification of the schema name or session system variable values, use the session_track_schema or session_track_system_variables system variable, respectively.

Note

Assigning a value to session_track_state_change itself is not considered a state change and is not reported as such. However, if its name listed in the value of session_track_system_variables, any assignments to it do result in notification of the new value.

For more information about session state tracking, see Section 7.1.18, “Server Tracking of Client Session State”.

session_track_system_variables

Command-Line Format	`--session-track-system-variables=#`
System Variable	`session_track_system_variables`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`time_zone, autocommit, character_set_client, character_set_results, character_set_connection`

Controls whether the server tracks assignments to session system variables and notifies the client of the name and value of each assigned variable. The variable value is a comma-separated list of variables for which to track assignments. By default, notification is enabled for time_zone, autocommit, character_set_client, character_set_results, and character_set_connection. (The latter three variables are those affected by SET NAMES.)

To enable display of the Statement ID for each statement processed, use the statement_id variable. For example:

mysql>  SET @@SESSION.session_track_system_variables='statement_id'
mysql>  SELECT 1;
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
1 row in set (0.0006 sec)
Statement ID: 603835

The special value * causes the server to track assignments to all session variables. If given, this value must be specified by itself without specific system variable names. This value also enables display of the Statement ID for each successful statement processed.

To disable notification of session variable assignments, set session_track_system_variables to the empty string.

If session system variable tracking is enabled, notification occurs for all assignments to tracked session variables, even if the new values are the same as the old.

For more information about session state tracking, see Section 7.1.18, “Server Tracking of Client Session State”.

session_track_transaction_info

Command-Line Format	`--session-track-transaction-info=value`
System Variable	`session_track_transaction_info`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` `STATE` `CHARACTERISTICS`

Controls whether the server tracks the state and characteristics of transactions within the current session and notifies the client to make this information available. These session_track_transaction_info values are permitted:

OFF: Disable transaction state tracking. This is the default.
STATE: Enable transaction state tracking without characteristics tracking. State tracking enables the client to determine whether a transaction is in progress and whether it could be moved to a different session without being rolled back.
CHARACTERISTICS: Enable transaction state tracking, including characteristics tracking. Characteristics tracking enables the client to determine how to restart a transaction in another session so that it has the same characteristics as in the original session. The following characteristics are relevant for this purpose:
```
ISOLATION LEVEL
READ ONLY
READ WRITE
WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
```

For a client to safely relocate a transaction to another session, it must track not only transaction state but also transaction characteristics. In addition, the client must track the transaction_isolation and transaction_read_only system variables to correctly determine the session defaults. (To track these variables, list them in the value of the session_track_system_variables system variable.)

For more information about session state tracking, see Section 7.1.18, “Server Tracking of Client Session State”.

sha256_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys

Command-Line Format	`--sha256-password-auto-generate-rsa-keys[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	8.0.16
System Variable	`sha256_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

The server uses this variable to determine whether to autogenerate RSA private/public key-pair files in the data directory if they do not already exist.

At startup, the server automatically generates RSA private/public key-pair files in the data directory if all of these conditions are true: The sha256_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys or caching_sha2_password_auto_generate_rsa_keys system variable is enabled; no RSA options are specified; the RSA files are missing from the data directory. These key-pair files enable secure password exchange using RSA over unencrypted connections for accounts authenticated by the sha256_password or caching_sha2_password plugin; see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”, and Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

For more information about RSA file autogeneration, including file names and characteristics, see Section 8.3.3.1, “Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL”

The auto_generate_certs system variable is related but controls autogeneration of SSL certificate and key files needed for secure connections using SSL.

sha256_password_private_key_path

Command-Line Format	`--sha256-password-private-key-path=file_name`
Deprecated	8.0.16
System Variable	`sha256_password_private_key_path`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`private_key.pem`

The value of this variable is the path name of the RSA private key file for the sha256_password authentication plugin. If the file is named as a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the server data directory. The file must be in PEM format.

Important

Because this file stores a private key, its access mode should be restricted so that only the MySQL server can read it.

For information about sha256_password, see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”.

sha256_password_proxy_users

Command-Line Format	`--sha256-password-proxy-users[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	8.0.16
System Variable	`sha256_password_proxy_users`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether the sha256_password built-in authentication plugin supports proxy users. It has no effect unless the check_proxy_users system variable is enabled. For information about user proxying, see Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

sha256_password_public_key_path

Command-Line Format	`--sha256-password-public-key-path=file_name`
Deprecated	8.0.16
System Variable	`sha256_password_public_key_path`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`public_key.pem`

The value of this variable is the path name of the RSA public key file for the sha256_password authentication plugin. If the file is named as a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the server data directory. The file must be in PEM format. Because this file stores a public key, copies can be freely distributed to client users. (Clients that explicitly specify a public key when connecting to the server using RSA password encryption must use the same public key as that used by the server.)

For information about sha256_password, including information about how clients specify the RSA public key, see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”.

shared_memory

Command-Line Format	`--shared-memory[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`shared_memory`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Windows
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

(Windows only.) Whether the server permits shared-memory connections.

shared_memory_base_name

Command-Line Format	`--shared-memory-base-name=name`
System Variable	`shared_memory_base_name`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Platform Specific	Windows
Type	String
Default Value	`MYSQL`

(Windows only.) The name of shared memory to use for shared-memory connections. This is useful when running multiple MySQL instances on a single physical machine. The default name is MYSQL. The name is case-sensitive.

This variable applies only if the server is started with the shared_memory system variable enabled to support shared-memory connections.

show_create_table_skip_secondary_engine

Command-Line Format	`--show-create-table-skip-secondary-engine[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.18
System Variable	`show_create_table_skip_secondary_engine`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Enabling show_create_table_skip_secondary_engine causes the SECONDARY ENGINE clause to be excluded from SHOW CREATE TABLE output, and from CREATE TABLE statements dumped by the mysqldump utility.

mysqldump provides the --show-create-skip-secondary-engine option. When specified, it enables the show_create_table_skip_secondary_engine system variable for the duration of the dump operation.

Attempting a mysqldump operation with the --show-create-skip-secondary-engine option on a release prior to MySQL 8.0.18 that does not support the show_create_table_skip_secondary_engine variable causes an error.

For use with HeatWave. See HeatWave User Guide.

show_create_table_verbosity

Command-Line Format	`--show-create-table-verbosity[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`show_create_table_verbosity`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

SHOW CREATE TABLE normally does not show the ROW_FORMAT table option if the row format is the default format. Enabling this variable causes SHOW CREATE TABLE to display ROW_FORMAT regardless of whether it is the default format.

show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema

Command-Line Format	`--show-gipk-in-create-table-and-information-schema[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.30
System Variable	`show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Whether generated invisible primary keys are visible in the output of SHOW statements and in Information Schema tables. When this variable is set to OFF, such keys are not shown.

This variable is not replicated.

For more information, see Section 15.1.20.11, “Generated Invisible Primary Keys”.

show_old_temporals

Command-Line Format	`--show-old-temporals[={OFF\|ON}]`
Deprecated	Yes
System Variable	`show_old_temporals`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether SHOW CREATE TABLE output includes comments to flag temporal columns found to be in pre-5.6.4 format (TIME, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP columns without support for fractional seconds precision). This variable is disabled by default. If enabled, SHOW CREATE TABLE output looks like this:

CREATE TABLE `mytbl` (
  `ts` timestamp /* 5.5 binary format */ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `dt` datetime /* 5.5 binary format */ DEFAULT NULL,
  `t` time /* 5.5 binary format */ DEFAULT NULL
) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

Output for the COLUMN_TYPE column of the Information Schema COLUMNS table is affected similarly.

This variable is deprecated and subject to removal in a future MySQL release.

As of MySQL 8.0.27, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

skip_external_locking

Command-Line Format	`--skip-external-locking[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`skip_external_locking`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

This is OFF if mysqld uses external locking (system locking), ON if external locking is disabled. This affects only MyISAM table access.

This variable is set by the --external-locking or --skip-external-locking option. External locking is disabled by default.

External locking affects only MyISAM table access. For more information, including conditions under which it can and cannot be used, see Section 10.11.5, “External Locking”.

skip_name_resolve

Command-Line Format	`--skip-name-resolve[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`skip_name_resolve`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether to resolve host names when checking client connections. If this variable is OFF, mysqld resolves host names when checking client connections. If it is ON, mysqld uses only IP numbers; in this case, all Host column values in the grant tables must be IP addresses. See Section 7.1.12.3, “DNS Lookups and the Host Cache”.

Depending on the network configuration of your system and the Host values for your accounts, clients may need to connect using an explicit --host option, such as --host=127.0.0.1 or --host=::1.

An attempt to connect to the host 127.0.0.1 normally resolves to the localhost account. However, this fails if the server is run with skip_name_resolve enabled. If you plan to do that, make sure an account exists that can accept a connection. For example, to be able to connect as root using --host=127.0.0.1 or --host=::1, create these accounts:

CREATE USER 'root'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'root-password';
CREATE USER 'root'@'::1' IDENTIFIED BY 'root-password';

skip_networking

Command-Line Format	`--skip-networking[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`skip_networking`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether the server permits TCP/IP connections. By default, it is disabled (permit TCP connections). If enabled, the server permits only local (non-TCP/IP) connections and all interaction with mysqld must be made using named pipes or shared memory (on Windows) or Unix socket files (on Unix). This option is highly recommended for systems where only local clients are permitted. See Section 7.1.12.3, “DNS Lookups and the Host Cache”.

Because starting the server with --skip-grant-tables disables authentication checks, the server also disables remote connections in that case by enabling skip_networking.

skip_show_database

Command-Line Format	`--skip-show-database`
System Variable	`skip_show_database`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This prevents people from using the SHOW DATABASES statement if they do not have the SHOW DATABASES privilege. This can improve security if you have concerns about users being able to see databases belonging to other users. Its effect depends on the SHOW DATABASES privilege: If the variable value is ON, the SHOW DATABASES statement is permitted only to users who have the SHOW DATABASES privilege, and the statement displays all database names. If the value is OFF, SHOW DATABASES is permitted to all users, but displays the names of only those databases for which the user has the SHOW DATABASES or other privilege.

Caution

Because any static global privilege is considered a privilege for all databases, any static global privilege enables a user to see all database names with SHOW DATABASES or by examining the SCHEMATA table of INFORMATION_SCHEMA, except databases that have been restricted at the database level by partial revokes.

slow_launch_time

Command-Line Format	`--slow-launch-time=#`
System Variable	`slow_launch_time`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`2`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

If creating a thread takes longer than this many seconds, the server increments the Slow_launch_threads status variable.

slow_query_log

Command-Line Format	`--slow-query-log[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`slow_query_log`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether the slow query log is enabled. The value can be 0 (or OFF) to disable the log or 1 (or ON) to enable the log. The destination for log output is controlled by the log_output system variable; if that value is NONE, no log entries are written even if the log is enabled.

“Slow” is determined by the value of the long_query_time variable. See Section 7.4.5, “The Slow Query Log”.

slow_query_log_file

Command-Line Format	`--slow-query-log-file=file_name`
System Variable	`slow_query_log_file`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`host_name-slow.log`

The name of the slow query log file. The default value is host_name-slow.log, but the initial value can be changed with the --slow_query_log_file option.

socket

Command-Line Format	`--socket={file_name\|pipe_name}`
System Variable	`socket`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value (Windows)	`MySQL`
Default Value (Other)	`/tmp/mysql.sock`

On Unix platforms, this variable is the name of the socket file that is used for local client connections. The default is /tmp/mysql.sock. (For some distribution formats, the directory might be different, such as /var/lib/mysql for RPMs.)

On Windows, this variable is the name of the named pipe that is used for local client connections. The default value is MySQL (not case-sensitive).

sort_buffer_size

Command-Line Format	`--sort-buffer-size=#`
System Variable	`sort_buffer_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`262144`
Minimum Value	`32768`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`4294967295`
Maximum Value (Other, 64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709551615`
Maximum Value (Other, 32-bit platforms)	`4294967295`
Unit	bytes

Each session that must perform a sort allocates a buffer of this size. sort_buffer_size is not specific to any storage engine and applies in a general manner for optimization. At minimum the sort_buffer_size value must be large enough to accommodate fifteen tuples in the sort buffer. Also, increasing the value of max_sort_length may require increasing the value of sort_buffer_size. For more information, see Section 10.2.1.16, “ORDER BY Optimization”

If you see many Sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing.

The optimizer tries to work out how much space is needed but can allocate more, up to the limit. Setting it larger than required globally slows down most queries that perform sorts. It is best to increase it as a session setting, and only for the sessions that need a larger size. On Linux, there are thresholds of 256KB and 2MB where larger values may significantly slow down memory allocation, so you should consider staying below one of those values. Experiment to find the best value for your workload. See Section B.3.3.5, “Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files”.

The maximum permissible setting for sort_buffer_size is 4GB−1. Larger values are permitted for 64-bit platforms (except 64-bit Windows, for which large values are truncated to 4GB−1 with a warning).

sql_auto_is_null

System Variable	`sql_auto_is_null`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If this variable is enabled, then after a statement that successfully inserts an automatically generated AUTO_INCREMENT value, you can find that value by issuing a statement of the following form:

SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto_col IS NULL

If the statement returns a row, the value returned is the same as if you invoked the LAST_INSERT_ID() function. For details, including the return value after a multiple-row insert, see Section 14.15, “Information Functions”. If no AUTO_INCREMENT value was successfully inserted, the SELECT statement returns no row.

The behavior of retrieving an AUTO_INCREMENT value by using an IS NULL comparison is used by some ODBC programs, such as Access. See Obtaining Auto-Increment Values. This behavior can be disabled by setting sql_auto_is_null to OFF.

Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, the transformation of WHERE auto_col IS NULL to WHERE auto_col = LAST_INSERT_ID() was performed only when the statement was executed, so that the value of sql_auto_is_null during execution determined whether the query was transformed. In MySQL 8.0.16 and later, the transformation is performed during statement preparation.

The default value of sql_auto_is_null is OFF.

sql_big_selects

System Variable	`sql_big_selects`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

If set to OFF, MySQL aborts SELECT statements that are likely to take a very long time to execute (that is, statements for which the optimizer estimates that the number of examined rows exceeds the value of max_join_size). This is useful when an inadvisable WHERE statement has been issued. The default value for a new connection is ON, which permits all SELECT statements.

If you set the max_join_size system variable to a value other than DEFAULT, sql_big_selects is set to OFF.

sql_buffer_result

System Variable	`sql_buffer_result`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If enabled, sql_buffer_result forces results from SELECT statements to be put into temporary tables. This helps MySQL free the table locks early and can be beneficial in cases where it takes a long time to send results to the client. The default value is OFF.

sql_generate_invisible_primary_key

Command-Line Format	`--sql-generate-invisible-primary-key[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.30
System Variable	`sql_generate_invisible_primary_key`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether this server adds a generated invisible primary key to any InnoDB table that is created without one.

This variable is not replicated. In addition, even if set on the replica, it is ignored by replication applier threads; this means that, by default, a replica does not generate a primary key for any replicated table which, on the source, was created without one. In MySQL 8.0.32 and later, you can cause the replica to generate invisible primary keys for such tables by setting REQUIRE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK = GENERATE as part of a CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO statement, optionally specifying a replication channel.

For more information and examples, see Section 15.1.20.11, “Generated Invisible Primary Keys”.

sql_log_off

System Variable	`sql_log_off`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` (enable logging) `ON` (disable logging)

This variable controls whether logging to the general query log is disabled for the current session (assuming that the general query log itself is enabled). The default value is OFF (that is, enable logging). To disable or enable general query logging for the current session, set the session sql_log_off variable to ON or OFF.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

sql_mode

Command-Line Format	`--sql-mode=name`
System Variable	`sql_mode`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Set
Default Value	`ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY STRICT_TRANS_TABLES NO_ZERO_IN_DATE NO_ZERO_DATE ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION`
Valid Values	`ALLOW_INVALID_DATES` `ANSI_QUOTES` `ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO` `HIGH_NOT_PRECEDENCE` `IGNORE_SPACE` `NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO` `NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES` `NO_DIR_IN_CREATE` `NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION` `NO_UNSIGNED_SUBTRACTION` `NO_ZERO_DATE` `NO_ZERO_IN_DATE` `ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY` `PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH` `PIPES_AS_CONCAT` `REAL_AS_FLOAT` `STRICT_ALL_TABLES` `STRICT_TRANS_TABLES` `TIME_TRUNCATE_FRACTIONAL`

The current server SQL mode, which can be set dynamically. For details, see Section 7.1.11, “Server SQL Modes”.

Note

MySQL installation programs may configure the SQL mode during the installation process.

If the SQL mode differs from the default or from what you expect, check for a setting in an option file that the server reads at startup.

sql_notes

System Variable	`sql_notes`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

If enabled (the default), diagnostics of Note level increment warning_count and the server records them. If disabled, Note diagnostics do not increment warning_count and the server does not record them. mysqldump includes output to disable this variable so that reloading the dump file does not produce warnings for events that do not affect the integrity of the reload operation.

sql_quote_show_create

System Variable	`sql_quote_show_create`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

If enabled (the default), the server quotes identifiers for SHOW CREATE TABLE and SHOW CREATE DATABASE statements. If disabled, quoting is disabled. This option is enabled by default so that replication works for identifiers that require quoting. See Section 15.7.7.10, “SHOW CREATE TABLE Statement”, and Section 15.7.7.6, “SHOW CREATE DATABASE Statement”.

sql_require_primary_key

Command-Line Format	`--sql-require-primary-key[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`sql_require_primary_key`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Whether statements that create new tables or alter the structure of existing tables enforce the requirement that tables have a primary key.

Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

Enabling this variable helps avoid performance problems in row-based replication that can occur when tables have no primary key. Suppose that a table has no primary key and an update or delete modifies multiple rows. On the replication source server, this operation can be performed using a single table scan but, when replicated using row-based replication, results in a table scan for each row to be modified on the replica. With a primary key, these table scans do not occur.

sql_require_primary_key applies to both base tables and TEMPORARY tables, and changes to its value are replicated to replica servers. As of MySQL 8.0.18, it applies only to storage engines that can participate in replication.

When enabled, sql_require_primary_key has these effects:

Attempts to create a new table with no primary key fail with an error. This includes CREATE TABLE ... LIKE. It also includes CREATE TABLE ... SELECT, unless the CREATE TABLE part includes a primary key definition.
Attempts to drop the primary key from an existing table fail with an error, with the exception that dropping the primary key and adding a primary key in the same ALTER TABLE statement is permitted.
Dropping the primary key fails even if the table also contains a UNIQUE NOT NULL index.
Attempts to import a table with no primary key fail with an error.

The REQUIRE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK option of the CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO statement (MySQL 8.0.23 and later) or CHANGE MASTER TO statement (before MySQL 8.0.23) enables a replica to select its own policy for primary key checks. When the option is set to ON for a replication channel, the replica always uses the value ON for the sql_require_primary_key system variable in replication operations, requiring a primary key. When the option is set to OFF, the replica always uses the value OFF for the sql_require_primary_key system variable in replication operations, so that a primary key is never required, even if the source required one. When the REQUIRE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK option is set to STREAM, which is the default, the replica uses whatever value is replicated from the source for each transaction. With the STREAM setting for the REQUIRE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK option, if privilege checks are in use for the replication channel, the PRIVILEGE_CHECKS_USER account needs privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables, so that it can set the session value for the sql_require_primary_key system variable. With the ON or OFF settings, the account does not need these privileges. For more information, see Section 19.3.3, “Replication Privilege Checks”.

sql_safe_updates

System Variable	`sql_safe_updates`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If this variable is enabled, UPDATE and DELETE statements that do not use a key in the WHERE clause or a LIMIT clause produce an error. This makes it possible to catch UPDATE and DELETE statements where keys are not used properly and that would probably change or delete a large number of rows. The default value is OFF.

For the mysql client, sql_safe_updates can be enabled by using the --safe-updates option. For more information, see Using Safe-Updates Mode (--safe-updates).

sql_select_limit

System Variable	`sql_select_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`18446744073709551615`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`

The maximum number of rows to return from SELECT statements. For more information, see Using Safe-Updates Mode (--safe-updates).

The default value for a new connection is the maximum number of rows that the server permits per table. Typical default values are (2³²)−1 or (2⁶⁴)−1. If you have changed the limit, the default value can be restored by assigning a value of DEFAULT.

If a SELECT has a LIMIT clause, the LIMIT takes precedence over the value of sql_select_limit.

sql_warnings

System Variable	`sql_warnings`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

This variable controls whether single-row INSERT statements produce an information string if warnings occur. The default is OFF. Set the value to ON to produce an information string.

ssl_ca

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-ca=file_name`
System Variable	`ssl_ca`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path name of the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate file in PEM format. The file contains a list of trusted SSL Certificate Authorities.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_capath

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-capath=dir_name`
System Variable	`ssl_capath`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path name of the directory that contains trusted SSL Certificate Authority (CA) certificate files in PEM format.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_cert

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-cert=file_name`
System Variable	`ssl_cert`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path name of the server SSL public key certificate file in PEM format.

If the server is started with ssl_cert set to a certificate that uses any restricted cipher or cipher category, the server starts with support for encrypted connections disabled. For information about cipher restrictions, see Connection Cipher Configuration.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

Note

Chained SSL certificate support was added in v8.0.30; previously only the first certificate was read.

ssl_cipher

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-cipher=name`
System Variable	`ssl_cipher`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`NULL`

The list of permissible encryption ciphers for connections that use TLS protocols up through TLSv1.2. If no cipher in the list is supported, encrypted connections that use these TLS protocols do not work.

For greatest portability, the cipher list should be a list of one or more cipher names, separated by colons. The following example shows two cipher names separated by a colon:

[mysqld]
ssl_cipher="DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES128-SHA"

OpenSSL supports the syntax for specifying ciphers described in the OpenSSL documentation at https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html.

For information about which encryption ciphers MySQL supports, see Section 8.3.2, “Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers”.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_crl

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-crl=file_name`
System Variable	`ssl_crl`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path name of the file containing certificate revocation lists in PEM format.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_crlpath

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-crlpath=dir_name`
System Variable	`ssl_crlpath`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path of the directory that contains certificate revocation-list files in PEM format.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_fips_mode

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-fips-mode={OFF\|ON\|STRICT}`
Deprecated	8.0.34
System Variable	`ssl_fips_mode`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`OFF`
Valid Values	`OFF` (or 0) `ON` (or 1) `STRICT` (or 2)

Controls whether to enable FIPS mode on the server side. The ssl_fips_mode system variable differs from other ssl_xxx system variables in that it is not used to control whether the server permits encrypted connections, but rather to affect which cryptographic operations are permitted. See Section 8.8, “FIPS Support”.

These ssl_fips_mode values are permitted:

OFF (or 0): Disable FIPS mode.
ON (or 1): Enable FIPS mode.
STRICT (or 2): Enable “strict” FIPS mode.

Note

If the OpenSSL FIPS Object Module is not available, the only permitted value for ssl_fips_mode is OFF. In this case, setting ssl_fips_mode to ON or STRICT at startup causes the server to produce an error message and exit.

As of MySQL 8.0.34, this option is deprecated and made read-only. Expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

ssl_key

Command-Line Format	`--ssl-key=file_name`
System Variable	`ssl_key`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	File name
Default Value	`NULL`

The path name of the server SSL private key file in PEM format. For better security, use a certificate with an RSA key size of at least 2048 bits.

If the key file is protected by a passphrase, the server prompts the user for the passphrase. The password must be given interactively; it cannot be stored in a file. If the passphrase is incorrect, the program continues as if it could not read the key.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections established after the execution of ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

ssl_session_cache_mode

Command-Line Format	`--ssl_session_cache_mode={ON\|OFF}`
Introduced	8.0.29
System Variable	`ssl_session_cache_mode`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`
Valid Values	`ON` `OFF`

Controls whether to enable the session cache in memory on the server side and session-ticket generation by the server. The default mode is ON (enable session cache mode). A change to the ssl_session_cache_mode system variable has an effect only after the ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS statement has been executed, or after a restart if the variable value was persisted.

These ssl_session_cache_mode values are permitted:

ON: Enable session cache mode.
OFF: Disable session cache mode.

The server does not advertise its support for session resumption if the value of this system variable is OFF. When running on OpenSSL 1.0.x the session tickets are always generated, but the tickets are not usable when ssl_session_cache_mode is enabled.

The current value in effect for ssl_session_cache_mode can be observed with the Ssl_session_cache_mode status variable.

ssl_session_cache_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--ssl_session_cache_timeout`
Introduced	8.0.29
System Variable	`ssl_session_cache_timeout`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`300`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`84600`
Unit	seconds

Sets a period of time during which prior session reuse is permitted when establishing a new encrypted connection to the server, provided the ssl_session_cache_mode system variable is enabled and prior session data is available. If the session timeout expires, a session can no longer be reused.

The default value is 300 seconds and the maximum value is 84600 (or one day in seconds). A change to the ssl_session_cache_timeout system variable has an effect only after the ALTER INSTANCE RELOAD TLS statement has been executed, or after a restart if the variable value was persisted. The current value in effect for ssl_session_cache_timeout can be observed with the Ssl_session_cache_timeout status variable.

statement_id

System Variable	`statement_id`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer

Each statement executed in the current session is assigned a sequence number. This can be used together with the session_track_system_variables system variable to identify this statement in Performance Schema tables such as the events_statements_history table.

stored_program_cache

Command-Line Format	`--stored-program-cache=#`
System Variable	`stored_program_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`256`
Minimum Value	`16`
Maximum Value	`524288`

Sets a soft upper limit for the number of cached stored routines per connection. The value of this variable is specified in terms of the number of stored routines held in each of the two caches maintained by the MySQL Server for, respectively, stored procedures and stored functions.

Whenever a stored routine is executed this cache size is checked before the first or top-level statement in the routine is parsed; if the number of routines of the same type (stored procedures or stored functions according to which is being executed) exceeds the limit specified by this variable, the corresponding cache is flushed and memory previously allocated for cached objects is freed. This allows the cache to be flushed safely, even when there are dependencies between stored routines.

The stored procedure and stored function caches exists in parallel with the stored program definition cache partition of the dictionary object cache. The stored procedure and stored function caches are per connection, while the stored program definition cache is shared. The existence of objects in the stored procedure and stored function caches have no dependence on the existence of objects in the stored program definition cache, and vice versa. For more information, see Section 16.4, “Dictionary Object Cache”.

stored_program_definition_cache

Command-Line Format	`--stored-program-definition-cache=#`
System Variable	`stored_program_definition_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`256`
Minimum Value	`256`
Maximum Value	`524288`

Defines a limit for the number of stored program definition objects, both used and unused, that can be kept in the dictionary object cache.

Unused stored program definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache when the number in use is less than the capacity defined by stored_program_definition_cache.

A setting of 0 means that stored program definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache while they are in use.

The stored program definition cache partition exists in parallel with the stored procedure and stored function caches that are configured using the stored_program_cache option.

The stored_program_cache option sets a soft upper limit for the number of cached stored procedures or functions per connection, and the limit is checked each time a connection executes a stored procedure or function. The stored program definition cache partition, on the other hand, is a shared cache that stores stored program definition objects for other purposes. The existence of objects in the stored program definition cache partition has no dependence on the existence of objects in the stored procedure cache or stored function cache, and vice versa.

For related information, see Section 16.4, “Dictionary Object Cache”.

super_read_only

Command-Line Format	`--super-read-only[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`super_read_only`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

If the read_only system variable is enabled, the server permits no client updates except from users who have the CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege). If the super_read_only system variable is also enabled, the server prohibits client updates even from users who have CONNECTION_ADMIN or SUPER. See the description of the read_only system variable for a description of read-only mode and information about how read_only and super_read_only interact.

Client updates prevented when super_read_only is enabled include operations that do not necessarily appear to be updates, such as CREATE FUNCTION (to install a loadable function), INSTALL PLUGIN, and INSTALL COMPONENT. These operations are prohibited because they involve changes to tables in the mysql system schema.

Similarly, if the Event Scheduler is enabled, enabling the super_read_only system variable prevents it from updating event “last executed” timestamps in the events data dictionary table. This causes the Event Scheduler to stop the next time it tries to execute a scheduled event, after writing a message to the server error log. (In this situation the event_scheduler system variable does not change from ON to OFF. An implication is that this variable rejects the DBA intent that the Event Scheduler be enabled or disabled, where its actual status of started or stopped may be distinct.). If super_read_only is subsequently disabled after being enabled, the server automatically restarts the Event Scheduler as needed, as of MySQL 8.0.26. Prior to MySQL 8.0.26, it is necessary to manually restart the Event Scheduler by enabling it again.

Changes to super_read_only on a replication source server are not replicated to replica servers. The value can be set on a replica independent of the setting on the source.

syseventlog.facility

Command-Line Format	`--syseventlog.facility=value`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`syseventlog.facility`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`daemon`

The facility for error log output written to syslog (what type of program is sending the message). This variable is unavailable unless the log_sink_syseventlog error log component is installed. See Section 7.4.2.8, “Error Logging to the System Log”.

The permitted values can vary per operating system; consult your system syslog documentation.

This variable does not exist on Windows.

syseventlog.include_pid

Command-Line Format	`--syseventlog.include-pid[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`syseventlog.include_pid`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Whether to include the server process ID in each line of error log output written to syslog. This variable is unavailable unless the log_sink_syseventlog error log component is installed. See Section 7.4.2.8, “Error Logging to the System Log”.

This variable does not exist on Windows.

syseventlog.tag

Command-Line Format	`--syseventlog.tag=tag`
Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`syseventlog.tag`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`empty string`

The tag to be added to the server identifier in error log output written to syslog or the Windows Event Log. This variable is unavailable unless the log_sink_syseventlog error log component is installed. See Section 7.4.2.8, “Error Logging to the System Log”.

By default, no tag is set, so the server identifier is simply MySQL on Windows, and mysqld on other platforms. If a tag value of tag is specified, it is appended to the server identifier with a leading hyphen, resulting in a syslog identifier of mysqld-tag (or MySQL-tag on Windows).

On Windows, to use a tag that does not already exist, the server must be run from an account with Administrator privileges, to permit creation of a registry entry for the tag. Elevated privileges are not required if the tag already exists.

system_time_zone

System Variable	`system_time_zone`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The server system time zone. When the server begins executing, it inherits a time zone setting from the machine defaults, possibly modified by the environment of the account used for running the server or the startup script. The value is used to set system_time_zone. To explicitly specify the system time zone, set the TZ environment variable or use the --timezone option of the mysqld_safe script.

As of MySQL 8.0.26, in addition to startup time initialization, if the server host time zone changes (for example, due to daylight saving time), system_time_zone reflects that change, which has these implications for applications:

Queries that reference system_time_zone will get one value before a daylight saving change and a different value after the change.
For queries that begin executing before a daylight saving change and end after the change, the system_time_zone remains constant within the query because the value is usually cached at the beginning of execution.

The system_time_zone variable differs from the time_zone variable. Although they might have the same value, the latter variable is used to initialize the time zone for each client that connects. See Section 7.1.15, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.

table_definition_cache

Command-Line Format	`--table-definition-cache=#`
System Variable	`table_definition_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`-1` (signifies autosizing; do not assign this literal value)
Minimum Value	`400`
Maximum Value	`524288`

The number of table definitions that can be stored in the table definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum value is 400. The default value is based on the following formula, capped to a limit of 2000:

MIN(400 + table_open_cache / 2, 2000)

For InnoDB, the table_definition_cache setting acts as a soft limit for the number of table instances in the dictionary object cache and the number file-per-table tablespaces that can be open at one time.

If the number of table instances in the dictionary object cache exceeds the table_definition_cache limit, an LRU mechanism begins marking table instances for eviction and eventually removes them from the dictionary object cache. The number of open tables with cached metadata can be higher than the table_definition_cache limit due to table instances with foreign key relationships, which are not placed on the LRU list.

The number of file-per-table tablespaces that can be open at one time is limited by both the table_definition_cache and innodb_open_files settings. If both variables are set, the highest setting is used. If neither variable is set, the table_definition_cache setting, which has a higher default value, is used. If the number of open tablespaces exceeds the limit defined by table_definition_cache or innodb_open_files, an LRU mechanism searches the LRU list for tablespace files that are fully flushed and not currently being extended. This process is performed each time a new tablespace is opened. Only inactive tablespaces are closed.

The table definition cache exists in parallel with the table definition cache partition of the dictionary object cache. Both caches store table definitions but serve different parts of the MySQL server. Objects in one cache have no dependence on the existence of objects in the other. For more information, see Section 16.4, “Dictionary Object Cache”.

table_encryption_privilege_check

Command-Line Format	`--table-encryption-privilege-check[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.16
System Variable	`table_encryption_privilege_check`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Controls the TABLE_ENCRYPTION_ADMIN privilege check that occurs when creating or altering a schema or general tablespace with encryption that differs from the default_table_encryption setting, or when creating or altering a table with an encryption setting that differs from the default schema encryption. The check is disabled by default.

Setting table_encryption_privilege_check at runtime requires the SUPER privilege.

table_encryption_privilege_check supports SET PERSIST and SET PERSIST_ONLY syntax. See Section 7.1.9.3, “Persisted System Variables”.

For more information, see Defining an Encryption Default for Schemas and General Tablespaces.

table_open_cache

Command-Line Format	`--table-open-cache=#`
System Variable	`table_open_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4000`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`524288`

The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. The effective value of this variable is the greater of the effective value of open_files_limit- 10 - the effective value of max_connections/ 2, and 400; that is

MAX(
    (open_files_limit - 10 - max_connections) / 2,
    400
   )

You can check whether you need to increase the table cache by checking the Opened_tables status variable. If the value of Opened_tables is large and you do not use FLUSH TABLES often (which just forces all tables to be closed and reopened), then you should increase the value of the table_open_cache variable. For more information about the table cache, see Section 10.4.3.1, “How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables”.

table_open_cache_instances

Command-Line Format	`--table-open-cache-instances=#`
System Variable	`table_open_cache_instances`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`64`

The number of open tables cache instances. To improve scalability by reducing contention among sessions, the open tables cache can be partitioned into several smaller cache instances of size table_open_cache / table_open_cache_instances . A session needs to lock only one instance to access it for DML statements. This segments cache access among instances, permitting higher performance for operations that use the cache when there are many sessions accessing tables. (DDL statements still require a lock on the entire cache, but such statements are much less frequent than DML statements.)

A value of 8 or 16 is recommended on systems that routinely use 16 or more cores. However, if you have many large triggers on your tables that cause a high memory load, the default setting for table_open_cache_instances might lead to excessive memory usage. In that situation, it can be helpful to set table_open_cache_instances to 1 in order to restrict memory usage.

tablespace_definition_cache

Command-Line Format	`--tablespace-definition-cache=#`
System Variable	`tablespace_definition_cache`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`256`
Minimum Value	`256`
Maximum Value	`524288`

Defines a limit for the number of tablespace definition objects, both used and unused, that can be kept in the dictionary object cache.

Unused tablespace definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache when the number in use is less than the capacity defined by tablespace_definition_cache.

A setting of 0 means that tablespace definition objects are only kept in the dictionary object cache while they are in use.

For more information, see Section 16.4, “Dictionary Object Cache”.

temptable_max_mmap

Command-Line Format	`--temptable-max-mmap=#`
Introduced	8.0.23
System Variable	`temptable_max_mmap`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1073741824`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`2^64-1`
Unit	bytes

Defines the maximum amount of memory (in bytes) the TempTable storage engine is permitted to allocate from memory-mapped temporary files before it starts storing data to InnoDB internal temporary tables on disk. A setting of 0 disables allocation of memory from memory-mapped temporary files. For more information, see Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”.

temptable_max_ram

Command-Line Format	`--temptable-max-ram=#`
System Variable	`temptable_max_ram`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1073741824`
Minimum Value	`2097152`
Maximum Value	`2^64-1`
Unit	bytes

Defines the maximum amount of memory that can be occupied by the TempTable storage engine before it starts storing data on disk. The default value is 1073741824 bytes (1GiB). For more information, see Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”.

temptable_use_mmap

Command-Line Format	`--temptable-use-mmap[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.16
Deprecated	8.0.26
System Variable	`temptable_use_mmap`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Defines whether the TempTable storage engine allocates space for internal in-memory temporary tables as memory-mapped temporary files when the amount of memory occupied by the TempTable storage engine exceeds the limit defined by the temptable_max_ram variable. When temptable_use_mmap is disabled, the TempTable storage engine uses InnoDB on-disk internal temporary tables instead. For more information, see Section 10.4.4, “Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL”.

thread_cache_size

Command-Line Format	`--thread-cache-size=#`
System Variable	`thread_cache_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`-1` (signifies autosizing; do not assign this literal value)
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`16384`

How many threads the server should cache for reuse. When a client disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there are fewer than thread_cache_size threads there. Requests for threads are satisfied by reusing threads taken from the cache if possible, and only when the cache is empty is a new thread created. This variable can be increased to improve performance if you have a lot of new connections. Normally, this does not provide a notable performance improvement if you have a good thread implementation. However, if your server sees hundreds of connections per second you should normally set thread_cache_size high enough so that most new connections use cached threads. By examining the difference between the Connections and Threads_created status variables, you can see how efficient the thread cache is. For details, see Section 7.1.10, “Server Status Variables”.

The default value is based on the following formula, capped to a limit of 100:

8 + (max_connections / 100)

thread_handling

Command-Line Format	`--thread-handling=name`
System Variable	`thread_handling`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`one-thread-per-connection`
Valid Values	`no-threads` `one-thread-per-connection` `loaded-dynamically`

The thread-handling model used by the server for connection threads. The permissible values are no-threads (the server uses a single thread to handle one connection), one-thread-per-connection (the server uses one thread to handle each client connection), and loaded-dynamically (set by the thread pool plugin when it initializes). no-threads is useful for debugging under Linux; see Section 7.9, “Debugging MySQL”.

thread_pool_algorithm

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-algorithm=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_algorithm`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1`

This variable controls which algorithm the thread pool plugin uses:

0: Use a conservative low-concurrency algorithm.
1: Use an aggressive high-currency algorithm which performs better with optimal thread counts, but performance may be degraded if the number of connections reaches extremely high values.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_dedicated_listeners

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-dedicated-listeners`
Introduced	8.0.23
System Variable	`thread_pool_dedicated_listeners`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

Dedicates a listener thread in each thread group to listen for incoming statements from connections assigned to the group.

OFF: (Default) Disables dedicated listener threads.
ON: Dedicates a listener thread in each thread group to listen for incoming statements from connections assigned to the group. Dedicated listener threads do not execute queries.

Enabling thread_pool_dedicated_listeners is only useful when a transaction limit is defined by thread_pool_max_transactions_limit. Otherwise, thread_pool_dedicated_listeners should not be enabled.

HeatWave Service introduced this variable in MySQL 8.0.23. It is available with MySQL Enterprise Edition from MySQL 8.0.31.

thread_pool_high_priority_connection

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-high-priority-connection=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_high_priority_connection`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1`

This variable affects queuing of new statements prior to execution. If the value is 0 (false, the default), statement queuing uses both the low-priority and high-priority queues. If the value is 1 (true), queued statements always go to the high-priority queue.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_max_active_query_threads

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-max-active-query-threads`
Introduced	8.0.19
System Variable	`thread_pool_max_active_query_threads`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`512`

The maximum permissible number of active (running) query threads per group. If the value is 0, the thread pool plugin uses up to as many threads as are available.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_max_transactions_limit

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-max-transactions-limit`
Introduced	8.0.23
System Variable	`thread_pool_max_transactions_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`1000000`

The maximum number of transactions permitted by the thread pool plugin. Defining a transaction limit binds a thread to a transaction until it commits, which helps stabilize throughput during high concurrency.

The default value of 0 means that there is no transaction limit. The variable is dynamic but cannot be changed from 0 to a higher value at runtime and vice versa. A non-zero value at startup permits dynamic configuration at runtime. The CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege is required to configure thread_pool_max_transactions_limit at runtime.

When you define a transaction limit, enabling thread_pool_dedicated_listeners creates a dedicated listener thread in each thread group. The additional dedicated listener thread consumes more resources and affects thread pool performance. thread_pool_dedicated_listeners should therefore be used cautiously.

When the limit defined by thread_pool_max_transactions_limit has been reached, new connections appear to hang until one or more existing transactions are completed. The same occurs when attempting to start a new transaction on an existing connection. If existing connections are blocked or long-running, a privileged connection may be required to access the server to increase the limit, remove the limit, or kill running transactions. See Privileged Connections.

HeatWave Service introduced this variable in MySQL 8.0.23. It is available with MySQL Enterprise Edition in from MySQL 8.0.31.

thread_pool_max_unused_threads

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-max-unused-threads=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_max_unused_threads`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4096`

The maximum permitted number of unused threads in the thread pool. This variable makes it possible to limit the amount of memory used by sleeping threads.

A value of 0 (the default) means no limit on the number of sleeping threads. A value of N where N is greater than 0 means 1 consumer thread and N−1 reserve threads. In this case, if a thread is ready to sleep but the number of sleeping threads is already at the maximum, the thread exits rather than going to sleep.

A sleeping thread is either sleeping as a consumer thread or a reserve thread. The thread pool permits one thread to be the consumer thread when sleeping. If a thread goes to sleep and there is no existing consumer thread, it sleeps as a consumer thread. When a thread must be woken up, a consumer thread is selected if there is one. A reserve thread is selected only when there is no consumer thread to wake up.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_prio_kickup_timer

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-prio-kickup-timer=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_prio_kickup_timer`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1000`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`4294967294`
Unit	milliseconds

This variable affects statements waiting for execution in the low-priority queue. The value is the number of milliseconds before a waiting statement is moved to the high-priority queue. The default is 1000 (1 second).

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_query_threads_per_group

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-query-threads-per-group`
Introduced	8.0.31
System Variable	`thread_pool_query_threads_per_group`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`1`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`4096`

The maximum number of query threads permitted in a thread group. The maximum value is 4096, but if thread_pool_max_transactions_limit is set, thread_pool_query_threads_per_group must not exceed that value.

The default value of 1 means there is one active query thread in each thread group, which works well for many loads. When you are using the high concurrency thread pool algorithm (thread_pool_algorithm = 1), consider increasing the value if you experience slower response times due to long-running transactions.

The CONNECTION_ADMIN privilege is required to configure thread_pool_query_threads_per_group at runtime.

If you decrease the value of thread_pool_query_threads_per_group at runtime, threads that are currently running user queries are allowed to complete, then moved to the reserve pool or terminated. if you increment the value at runtime and the thread group needs more threads, these are taken from the reserve pool if possible, otherwise they are created.

This variable is available from MySQL 8.0.31 in HeatWave Service and MySQL Enterprise Edition.

thread_pool_size

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-size=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_size`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.19)	`512`
Maximum Value (≤ 8.0.18)	`64`

The number of thread groups in the thread pool. This is the most important parameter controlling thread pool performance. It affects how many statements can execute simultaneously. If a value outside the range of permissible values is specified, the thread pool plugin does not load and the server writes a message to the error log.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_stall_limit

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-stall-limit=#`
System Variable	`thread_pool_stall_limit`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`6`
Minimum Value	`4`
Maximum Value	`600`
Unit	milliseconds * 10

This variable affects executing statements. The value is the amount of time a statement has to finish after starting to execute before it becomes defined as stalled, at which point the thread pool permits the thread group to begin executing another statement. The value is measured in 10 millisecond units, so the default of 6 means 60ms. Short wait values permit threads to start more quickly. Short values are also better for avoiding deadlock situations. Long wait values are useful for workloads that include long-running statements, to avoid starting too many new statements while the current ones execute.

This variable is available only if the thread pool plugin is enabled. See Section 7.6.3, “MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool”.

thread_pool_transaction_delay

Command-Line Format	`--thread-pool-transaction-delay`
Introduced	8.0.31
System Variable	`thread_pool_transaction_delay`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`0`
Minimum Value	`0`
Maximum Value	`300000`

The delay period before executing a new transaction, in milliseconds. The maximum value is 300000 (5 minutes).

A transaction delay can be used in cases where parallel transactions affect the performance of other operations due to resource contention. For example, if parallel transactions affect index creation or an online buffer pool resizing operation, you can configure a transaction delay to reduce resource contention while those operations are running.

Worker threads sleep for the number of milliseconds specified by thread_pool_transaction_delay before executing a new transaction.

The thread_pool_transaction_delay setting does not affect queries issued from a privileged connection (a connection assigned to the Admin thread group). These queries are not subject to a configured transaction delay.

thread_stack

Command-Line Format	`--thread-stack=#`
System Variable	`thread_stack`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value (64-bit platforms, ≥ 8.0.27)	`1048576`
Default Value (64-bit platforms, ≤ 8.0.26)	`286720`
Default Value (32-bit platforms, ≥ 8.0.27)	`1048576`
Default Value (32-bit platforms, ≤ 8.0.26)	`221184`
Minimum Value	`131072`
Maximum Value (64-bit platforms)	`18446744073709550592`
Maximum Value (32-bit platforms)	`4294966272`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

The stack size for each thread. The default is large enough for normal operation. If the thread stack size is too small, it limits the complexity of the SQL statements that the server can handle, the recursion depth of stored procedures, and other memory-consuming actions.

time_zone

System Variable	`time_zone`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies (≥ 8.0.17)	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies (≤ 8.0.16)	No
Type	String
Default Value	`SYSTEM`
Minimum Value (≥ 8.0.19)	`-13:59`
Minimum Value (≤ 8.0.18)	`-12:59`
Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.19)	`+14:00`
Maximum Value (≤ 8.0.18)	`+13:00`

The current time zone. This variable is used to initialize the time zone for each client that connects. By default, the initial value of this is 'SYSTEM' (which means, “use the value of system_time_zone”). The value can be specified explicitly at server startup with the --default-time-zone option. See Section 7.1.15, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.

Note

If set to SYSTEM, every MySQL function call that requires a time zone calculation makes a system library call to determine the current system time zone. This call may be protected by a global mutex, resulting in contention.

timestamp

System Variable	`timestamp`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Numeric
Default Value	`UNIX_TIMESTAMP()`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value	`2147483647`

Set the time for this client. This is used to get the original timestamp if you use the binary log to restore rows. timestamp_value should be a Unix epoch timestamp (a value like that returned by UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), not a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss' format) or DEFAULT.

Setting timestamp to a constant value causes it to retain that value until it is changed again. Setting timestamp to DEFAULT causes its value to be the current date and time as of the time it is accessed.

timestamp is a DOUBLE rather than BIGINT because its value includes a microseconds part. The maximum value corresponds to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC, the same as for the TIMESTAMP data type.

SET timestamp affects the value returned by NOW() but not by SYSDATE(). This means that timestamp settings in the binary log have no effect on invocations of SYSDATE(). The server can be started with the --sysdate-is-now option to cause SYSDATE() to be a synonym for NOW(), in which case SET timestamp affects both functions.

tls_ciphersuites

Command-Line Format	`--tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list`
Introduced	8.0.16
System Variable	`tls_ciphersuites`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value	`NULL`

Which ciphersuites the server permits for encrypted connections that use TLSv1.3. The value is a list of zero or more colon-separated ciphersuite names.

The ciphersuites that can be named for this variable depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. If this variable is not set, its default value is NULL, which means that the server permits the default set of ciphersuites. If the variable is set to the empty string, no ciphersuites are enabled and encrypted connections cannot be established. For more information, see Section 8.3.2, “Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers”.

tls_version

Command-Line Format	`--tls-version=protocol_list`
System Variable	`tls_version`
Scope	Global
Dynamic (≥ 8.0.16)	Yes
Dynamic (≤ 8.0.15)	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String
Default Value (≥ 8.0.28)	`TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3`
Default Value (≥ 8.0.16, ≤ 8.0.27)	`TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3`
Default Value (≤ 8.0.15)	`TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2`

Which protocols the server permits for encrypted connections. The value is a list of one or more comma-separated protocol names, which are not case-sensitive. The protocols that can be named for this variable depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. Permitted protocols should be chosen such as not to leave “holes” in the list. For details, see Section 8.3.2, “Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers”.

As of MySQL 8.0.16, this variable is dynamic and can be modified at runtime to affect the TLS context the server uses for new connections. See Server-Side Runtime Configuration and Monitoring for Encrypted Connections. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, this variable can be set only at server startup.

Important

Support for the TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 connection protocols is removed from MySQL Server as of MySQL 8.0.28. The protocols were deprecated from MySQL 8.0.26. See Removal of Support for the TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 Protocols for more information.
Support for the TLSv1.3 protocol is available in MySQL Server as of MySQL 8.0.16, provided that MySQL Server was compiled using OpenSSL 1.1.1 or higher. The server checks the version of OpenSSL at startup, and if it is lower than 1.1.1, TLSv1.3 is removed from the default value for the system variable. In that case, the defaults are “TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2” up to and including MySQL 8.0.27, and “TLSv1.2” from MySQL 8.0.28.

Setting this variable to an empty string disables encrypted connections.

tmp_table_size

Command-Line Format	`--tmp-table-size=#`
System Variable	`tmp_table_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Integer
Default Value	`16777216`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`18446744073709551615`
Unit	bytes

Defines the maximum size of internal in-memory temporary tables created by the MEMORY storage engine and, as of MySQL 8.0.28, the TempTable storage engine. If an internal in-memory temporary table exceeds this size, it is automatically converted to an on-disk internal temporary table.

The tmp_table_size variable does not apply to user-created MEMORY tables. User-created TempTable tables are not supported.

When using the MEMORY storage engine for internal in-memory temporary tables, the actual size limit is the smaller of tmp_table_size and max_heap_table_size. The max_heap_table_size setting does not apply to TempTable tables.

Increase the value of tmp_table_size (and max_heap_table_size if necessary when using the MEMORY storage engine for internal in-memory temporary tables) if you do many advanced GROUP BY queries and you have lots of memory.

You can compare the number of internal on-disk temporary tables created to the total number of internal temporary tables created by comparing Created_tmp_disk_tables and Created_tmp_tables values.

tmpdir

Command-Line Format	`--tmpdir=dir_name`
System Variable	`tmpdir`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Directory name

The path of the directory to use for creating temporary files. It might be useful if your default /tmp directory resides on a partition that is too small to hold temporary tables. This variable can be set to a list of several paths that are used in round-robin fashion. Paths should be separated by colon characters (:) on Unix and semicolon characters (;) on Windows.

tmpdir can be a non-permanent location, such as a directory on a memory-based file system or a directory that is cleared when the server host restarts. If the MySQL server is acting as a replica, and you are using a non-permanent location for tmpdir, consider setting a different temporary directory for the replica using the replica_load_tmpdir or slave_load_tmpdir variable. For a replica, the temporary files used to replicate LOAD DATA statements are stored in this directory, so with a permanent location they can survive machine restarts, although replication can now continue after a restart if the temporary files have been removed.

For more information about the storage location of temporary files, see Section B.3.3.5, “Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files”.

transaction_alloc_block_size

Command-Line Format	`--transaction-alloc-block-size=#`
System Variable	`transaction_alloc_block_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`8192`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`131072`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

The amount in bytes by which to increase a per-transaction memory pool which needs memory. See the description of transaction_prealloc_size.

transaction_isolation

Command-Line Format	`--transaction-isolation=name`
System Variable	`transaction_isolation`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`REPEATABLE-READ`
Valid Values	`READ-UNCOMMITTED` `READ-COMMITTED` `REPEATABLE-READ` `SERIALIZABLE`

The transaction isolation level. The default is REPEATABLE-READ.

The transaction isolation level has three scopes: global, session, and next transaction. This three-scope implementation leads to some nonstandard isolation-level assignment semantics, as described later.

To set the global transaction isolation level at startup, use the --transaction-isolation server option.

At runtime, the isolation level can be set directly using the SET statement to assign a value to the transaction_isolation system variable, or indirectly using the SET TRANSACTION statement. If you set transaction_isolation directly to an isolation level name that contains a space, the name should be enclosed within quotation marks, with the space replaced by a dash. For example, use this SET statement to set the global value:

SET GLOBAL transaction_isolation = 'READ-COMMITTED';

Setting the global transaction_isolation value sets the isolation level for all subsequent sessions. Existing sessions are unaffected.

To set the session or next-level transaction_isolation value, use the SET statement. For most session system variables, these statements are equivalent ways to set the value:

SET @@SESSION.var_name = value;
SET SESSION var_name = value;
SET var_name = value;
SET @@var_name = value;

As mentioned previously, the transaction isolation level has a next-transaction scope, in addition to the global and session scopes. To enable the next-transaction scope to be set, SET syntax for assigning session system variable values has nonstandard semantics for transaction_isolation:

To set the session isolation level, use any of these syntaxes:
```
SET @@SESSION.transaction_isolation = value;
SET SESSION transaction_isolation = value;
SET transaction_isolation = value;
```
For each of those syntaxes, these semantics apply:
- Sets the isolation level for all subsequent transactions performed within the session.
- Permitted within transactions, but does not affect the current ongoing transaction.
- If executed between transactions, overrides any preceding statement that sets the next-transaction isolation level.
- Corresponds to SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL (with the SESSION keyword).
To set the next-transaction isolation level, use this syntax:
```
SET @@transaction_isolation = value;
```
For that syntax, these semantics apply:
- Sets the isolation level only for the next single transaction performed within the session.
- Subsequent transactions revert to the session isolation level.
- Not permitted within transactions.
- Corresponds to SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL (without the SESSION keyword).

For more information about SET TRANSACTION and its relationship to the transaction_isolation system variable, see Section 15.3.7, “SET TRANSACTION Statement”.

transaction_prealloc_size

Command-Line Format	`--transaction-prealloc-size=#`
Deprecated	8.0.29
System Variable	`transaction_prealloc_size`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`4096`
Minimum Value	`1024`
Maximum Value	`131072`
Unit	bytes
Block Size	`1024`

There is a per-transaction memory pool from which various transaction-related allocations take memory. The initial size of the pool in bytes is transaction_prealloc_size. For every allocation that cannot be satisfied from the pool because it has insufficient memory available, the pool is increased by transaction_alloc_block_size bytes. When the transaction ends, the pool is truncated to transaction_prealloc_size bytes. By making transaction_prealloc_size sufficiently large to contain all statements within a single transaction, you can avoid many malloc() calls.

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.29, transaction_prealloc_size is deprecated; the initial size of the transaction memory pool is fixed, and setting this variable no longer has any effect. (The functioning of transaction_alloc_block_size is unaffected by this change.) Expect transaction_prealloc_size to be removed in a future release of MySQL.

transaction_read_only

Command-Line Format	`--transaction-read-only[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`transaction_read_only`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`OFF`

The transaction access mode. The value can be OFF (read/write; the default) or ON (read only).

The transaction access mode has three scopes: global, session, and next transaction. This three-scope implementation leads to some nonstandard access-mode assignment semantics, as described later.

To set the global transaction access mode at startup, use the --transaction-read-only server option.

At runtime, the access mode can be set directly using the SET statement to assign a value to the transaction_read_only system variable, or indirectly using the SET TRANSACTION statement. For example, use this SET statement to set the global value:

SET GLOBAL transaction_read_only = ON;

Setting the global transaction_read_only value sets the access mode for all subsequent sessions. Existing sessions are unaffected.

To set the session or next-level transaction_read_only value, use the SET statement. For most session system variables, these statements are equivalent ways to set the value:

SET @@SESSION.var_name = value;
SET SESSION var_name = value;
SET var_name = value;
SET @@var_name = value;

As mentioned previously, the transaction access mode has a next-transaction scope, in addition to the global and session scopes. To enable the next-transaction scope to be set, SET syntax for assigning session system variable values has nonstandard semantics for transaction_read_only,

To set the session access mode, use any of these syntaxes:
```
SET @@SESSION.transaction_read_only = value;
SET SESSION transaction_read_only = value;
SET transaction_read_only = value;
```
For each of those syntaxes, these semantics apply:
- Sets the access mode for all subsequent transactions performed within the session.
- Permitted within transactions, but does not affect the current ongoing transaction.
- If executed between transactions, overrides any preceding statement that sets the next-transaction access mode.
- Corresponds to SET SESSION TRANSACTION {READ WRITE | READ ONLY} (with the SESSION keyword).
To set the next-transaction access mode, use this syntax:
```
SET @@transaction_read_only = value;
```
For that syntax, these semantics apply:
- Sets the access mode only for the next single transaction performed within the session.
- Subsequent transactions revert to the session access mode.
- Not permitted within transactions.
- Corresponds to SET TRANSACTION {READ WRITE | READ ONLY} (without the SESSION keyword).

For more information about SET TRANSACTION and its relationship to the transaction_read_only system variable, see Section 15.3.7, “SET TRANSACTION Statement”.

unique_checks

System Variable	`unique_checks`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

If set to 1 (the default), uniqueness checks for secondary indexes in InnoDB tables are performed. If set to 0, storage engines are permitted to assume that duplicate keys are not present in input data. If you know for certain that your data does not contain uniqueness violations, you can set this to 0 to speed up large table imports to InnoDB.

Setting this variable to 0 does not require storage engines to ignore duplicate keys. An engine is still permitted to check for them and issue duplicate-key errors if it detects them.

updatable_views_with_limit

Command-Line Format	`--updatable-views-with-limit[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`updatable_views_with_limit`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`1`

This variable controls whether updates to a view can be made when the view does not contain all columns of the primary key defined in the underlying table, if the update statement contains a LIMIT clause. (Such updates often are generated by GUI tools.) An update is an UPDATE or DELETE statement. Primary key here means a PRIMARY KEY, or a UNIQUE index in which no column can contain NULL.

The variable can have two values:

1 or YES: Issue a warning only (not an error message). This is the default value.
0 or NO: Prohibit the update.

use_secondary_engine

Introduced	8.0.13
System Variable	`use_secondary_engine`
Scope	Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Enumeration
Default Value	`ON`
Valid Values	`OFF` `ON` `FORCED`

For future use.

Whether to execute queries using a secondary engine.

For use with HeatWave. See HeatWave User Guide.

validate_password.xxx

The validate_password component implements a set of system variables having names of the form validate_password.xxx. These variables affect password testing by that component; see Section 8.4.3.2, “Password Validation Options and Variables”.

version

The version number for the server. The value might also include a suffix indicating server build or configuration information. -debug indicates that the server was built with debugging support enabled.

version_comment

System Variable	`version_comment`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The CMake configuration program has a COMPILATION_COMMENT_SERVER option that permits a comment to be specified when building MySQL. This variable contains the value of that comment. (Prior to MySQL 8.0.14, version_comment is set by the COMPILATION_COMMENT option.) See Section 2.8.7, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”.

version_compile_machine

System Variable	`version_compile_machine`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The type of the server binary.

version_compile_os

System Variable	`version_compile_os`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The type of operating system on which MySQL was built.

version_compile_zlib

System Variable	`version_compile_zlib`
Scope	Global
Dynamic	No
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	String

The version of the compiled-in zlib library.

wait_timeout

Command-Line Format	`--wait-timeout=#`
System Variable	`wait_timeout`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Integer
Default Value	`28800`
Minimum Value	`1`
Maximum Value (Windows)	`2147483`
Maximum Value (Other)	`31536000`
Unit	seconds

The number of seconds the server waits for activity on a noninteractive connection before closing it.

On thread startup, the session wait_timeout value is initialized from the global wait_timeout value or from the global interactive_timeout value, depending on the type of client (as defined by the CLIENT_INTERACTIVE connect option to mysql_real_connect()). See also interactive_timeout.

warning_count

The number of errors, warnings, and notes that resulted from the last statement that generated messages. This variable is read only. See Section 15.7.7.42, “SHOW WARNINGS Statement”.

windowing_use_high_precision

Command-Line Format	`--windowing-use-high-precision[={OFF\|ON}]`
System Variable	`windowing_use_high_precision`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	Yes
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

Whether to compute window operations without loss of precision. See Section 10.2.1.21, “Window Function Optimization”.

xa_detach_on_prepare

Command-Line Format	`--xa-detach-on-prepare[={OFF\|ON}]`
Introduced	8.0.29
System Variable	`xa_detach_on_prepare`
Scope	Global, Session
Dynamic	Yes
`SET_VAR` Hint Applies	No
Type	Boolean
Default Value	`ON`

When set to ON (enabled), all XA transactions are detached (disconnected) from the connection (session) as part of XA PREPARE. This means that the XA transaction can be committed or rolled back by another connection, even if the originating connection has not terminated, and this connection can start new transactions.

Temporary tables cannot be used inside detached XA transactions.

When this is OFF (disabled), an XA transaction is strictly associated with the same connection until the session disconnects. It is recommended that you allow it to be enabled (the default behavior) for replication.

For more information, see Section 15.3.8.2, “XA Transaction States”.