MySQL 8.4 Release Notes
With the exception of spatial indexes, InnoDB
indexes are B-tree data
structures. Spatial indexes use
R-trees, which are
specialized data structures for indexing multi-dimensional data.
Index records are stored in the leaf pages of their B-tree or
R-tree data structure. The default size of an index page is 16KB.
The page size is determined by the
innodb_page_size setting when the
MySQL instance is initialized. See
Section 17.8.1, “InnoDB Startup Configuration”.
When new records are inserted into an InnoDB
clustered index,
InnoDB tries to leave 1/16 of the page free for
future insertions and updates of the index records. If index
records are inserted in a sequential order (ascending or
descending), the resulting index pages are about 15/16 full. If
records are inserted in a random order, the pages are from 1/2 to
15/16 full.
InnoDB performs a bulk load when creating or
rebuilding B-tree indexes. This method of index creation is known
as a sorted index build. The
innodb_fill_factor variable
defines the percentage of space on each B-tree page that is filled
during a sorted index build, with the remaining space reserved for
future index growth. Sorted index builds are not supported for
spatial indexes. For more information, see
Section 17.6.2.3, “Sorted Index Builds”. An
innodb_fill_factor setting of 100
leaves 1/16 of the space in clustered index pages free for future
index growth.
If the fill factor of an InnoDB index page
drops below the MERGE_THRESHOLD, which is 50%
by default if not specified, InnoDB tries to
contract the index tree to free the page. The
MERGE_THRESHOLD setting applies to both B-tree
and R-tree indexes. For more information, see
Section 17.8.11, “Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages”.