8.2.3 Grant Tables

The mysql system database includes several grant tables that contain information about user accounts and the privileges held by them. This section describes those tables. For information about other tables in the system database, see Section 7.3, “The mysql System Schema”.

The discussion here describes the underlying structure of the grant tables and how the server uses their contents when interacting with clients. However, normally you do not modify the grant tables directly. Modifications occur indirectly when you use account-management statements such as CREATE USER, GRANT, and REVOKE to set up accounts and control the privileges available to each one. See Section 15.7.1, “Account Management Statements”. When you use such statements to perform account manipulations, the server modifies the grant tables on your behalf.

Note

Direct modification of grant tables using statements such as INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE is discouraged and done at your own risk. The server is free to ignore rows that become malformed as a result of such modifications.

For any operation that modifies a grant table, the server checks whether the table has the expected structure and produces an error if not. To update the tables to the expected structure, perform the MySQL upgrade procedure. See Chapter 3, Upgrading MySQL.

• Grant Table Overview

• The user and db Grant Tables

• The tables_priv and columns_priv Grant Tables

• The procs_priv Grant Table

• The proxies_priv Grant Table

• The global_grants Grant Table

• The default_roles Grant Table

• The role_edges Grant Table

• The password_history Grant Table

• Grant Table Scope Column Properties

• Grant Table Privilege Column Properties

• Grant Table Concurrency

Grant Table Overview

These mysql database tables contain grant information:

• user: User accounts, static global privileges, and other nonprivilege columns.

• global_grants: Dynamic global privileges.

• db: Database-level privileges.

• tables_priv: Table-level privileges.

• columns_priv: Column-level privileges.

• procs_priv: Stored procedure and function privileges.

• proxies_priv: Proxy-user privileges.

• default_roles: Default user roles.

• role_edges: Edges for role subgraphs.

• password_history: Password change history.

For information about the differences between static and dynamic global privileges, see Static Versus Dynamic Privileges.)

In MySQL 9.1, grant tables use the InnoDB storage engine and are transactional. Before MySQL 9.1, grant tables used the MyISAM storage engine and were nontransactional. This change of grant table storage engine enables an accompanying change to the behavior of account-management statements such as CREATE USER or GRANT. Previously, an account-management statement that named multiple users could succeed for some users and fail for others. Now, each statement is transactional and either succeeds for all named users or rolls back and has no effect if any error occurs.

Each grant table contains scope columns and privilege columns:

• Scope columns determine the scope of each row in the tables; that is, the context in which the row applies. For example, a user table row with Host and User values of 'h1.example.net' and 'bob' applies to authenticating connections made to the server from the host h1.example.net by a client that specifies a user name of bob. Similarly, a db table row with Host, User, and Db column values of 'h1.example.net', 'bob' and 'reports' applies when bob connects from the host h1.example.net to access the reports database. The tables_priv and columns_priv tables contain scope columns indicating tables or table/column combinations to which each row applies. The procs_priv scope columns indicate the stored routine to which each row applies.

• Privilege columns indicate which privileges a table row grants; that is, which operations it permits to be performed. The server combines the information in the various grant tables to form a complete description of a user's privileges. Section 8.2.7, “Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification”, describes the rules for this.

In addition, a grant table may contain columns used for purposes other than scope or privilege assessment.

The server uses the grant tables in the following manner:

• The user table scope columns determine whether to reject or permit incoming connections. For permitted connections, any privileges granted in the user table indicate the user's static global privileges. Any privileges granted in this table apply to all databases on the server.

  Caution

  Because any static global privilege is considered a privilege for all databases, any static global privilege enables a user to see all database names with SHOW DATABASES or by examining the SCHEMATA table of INFORMATION_SCHEMA, except databases that have been restricted at the database level by partial revokes.

• The global_grants table lists current assignments of dynamic global privileges to user accounts. For each row, the scope columns determine which user has the privilege named in the privilege column.

• The db table scope columns determine which users can access which databases from which hosts. The privilege columns determine the permitted operations. A privilege granted at the database level applies to the database and to all objects in the database, such as tables and stored programs.

• The tables_priv and columns_priv tables are similar to the db table, but are more fine-grained: They apply at the table and column levels rather than at the database level. A privilege granted at the table level applies to the table and to all its columns. A privilege granted at the column level applies only to a specific column.

• The procs_priv table applies to stored routines (stored procedures and functions). A privilege granted at the routine level applies only to a single procedure or function.

• The proxies_priv table indicates which users can act as proxies for other users and whether a user can grant the PROXY privilege to other users.

• The default_roles and role_edges tables contain information about role relationships.

• The password_history table retains previously chosen passwords to enable restrictions on password reuse. See Section 8.2.15, “Password Management”.

The server reads the contents of the grant tables into memory when it starts. You can tell it to reload the tables by issuing a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement or executing a mysqladmin flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload command. Changes to the grant tables take effect as indicated in Section 8.2.13, “When Privilege Changes Take Effect”.

When you modify an account, it is a good idea to verify that your changes have the intended effect. To check the privileges for a given account, use the SHOW GRANTS statement. For example, to determine the privileges that are granted to an account with user name and host name values of bob and pc84.example.com, use this statement:

SHOW GRANTS FOR 'bob'@'pc84.example.com';

To display nonprivilege properties of an account, use SHOW CREATE USER:

SHOW CREATE USER 'bob'@'pc84.example.com';

The user and db Grant Tables

The server uses the user and db tables in the mysql database at both the first and second stages of access control (see Section 8.2, “Access Control and Account Management”). The columns in the user and db tables are shown here.

Table 8.4 user and db Table Columns

Table Name	user	db
Scope columns	Host	Host
	User	Db
		User
Privilege columns	Select_priv	Select_priv
	Insert_priv	Insert_priv
	Update_priv	Update_priv
	Delete_priv	Delete_priv
	Index_priv	Index_priv
	Alter_priv	Alter_priv
	Create_priv	Create_priv
	Drop_priv	Drop_priv
	Grant_priv	Grant_priv
	Create_view_priv	Create_view_priv
	Show_view_priv	Show_view_priv
	Create_routine_priv	Create_routine_priv
	Alter_routine_priv	Alter_routine_priv
	Execute_priv	Execute_priv
	Trigger_priv	Trigger_priv
	Event_priv	Event_priv
	Create_tmp_table_priv	Create_tmp_table_priv
	Lock_tables_priv	Lock_tables_priv
	References_priv	References_priv
	Reload_priv
	Shutdown_priv
	Process_priv
	File_priv
	Show_db_priv
	Super_priv
	Repl_slave_priv
	Repl_client_priv
	Create_user_priv
	Create_tablespace_priv
	Create_role_priv
	Drop_role_priv
Security columns	ssl_type
	ssl_cipher
	x509_issuer
	x509_subject
	plugin
	authentication_string
	password_expired
	password_last_changed
	password_lifetime
	account_locked
	Password_reuse_history
	Password_reuse_time
	Password_require_current
	User_attributes
Resource control columns	max_questions
	max_updates
	max_connections
	max_user_connections

The user table plugin and authentication_string columns store authentication plugin and credential information.

The server uses the plugin named in the plugin column of an account row to authenticate connection attempts for the account.

The plugin column must be nonempty. At startup, and at runtime when FLUSH PRIVILEGES is executed, the server checks user table rows. For any row with an empty plugin column, the server writes a warning to the error log of this form:

[Warning] User entry 'user_name'@'host_name' has an empty plugin
value. The user will be ignored and no one can login with this user
anymore.

To assign a plugin to an account that is missing one, use the ALTER USER statement.

The password_expired column permits DBAs to expire account passwords and require users to reset their password. The default password_expired value is 'N', but can be set to 'Y' with the ALTER USER statement. After an account's password has been expired, all operations performed by the account in subsequent connections to the server result in an error until the user issues an ALTER USER statement to establish a new account password.

Note

Although it is possible to “reset” an expired password by setting it to its current value, it is preferable, as a matter of good policy, to choose a different password. DBAs can enforce non-reuse by establishing an appropriate password-reuse policy. See Password Reuse Policy.

password_last_changed is a TIMESTAMP column indicating when the password was last changed. The value is non-NULL only for accounts that use a MySQL built-in authentication plugin (sha256_password or caching_sha2_password). The value is NULL for other accounts, such as those authenticated using an external authentication system.

password_last_changed is updated by the CREATE USER, ALTER USER, and SET PASSWORD statements, and by GRANT statements that create an account or change an account password.

password_lifetime indicates the account password lifetime, in days. If the password is past its lifetime (assessed using the password_last_changed column), the server considers the password expired when clients connect using the account. A value of N greater than zero means that the password must be changed every N days. A value of 0 disables automatic password expiration. If the value is NULL (the default), the global expiration policy applies, as defined by the default_password_lifetime system variable.

account_locked indicates whether the account is locked (see Section 8.2.20, “Account Locking”).

Password_reuse_history is the value of the PASSWORD HISTORY option for the account, or NULL for the default history.

Password_reuse_time is the value of the PASSWORD REUSE INTERVAL option for the account, or NULL for the default interval.

Password_require_current corresponds to the value of the PASSWORD REQUIRE option for the account, as shown by the following table.

Table 8.5 Permitted Password_require_current Values

Password_require_current Value	Corresponding PASSWORD REQUIRE Option
'Y'	PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT
'N'	PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT OPTIONAL
NULL	PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT DEFAULT

User_attributes is a JSON-format column that stores account attributes not stored in other columns. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA exposes these attributes through the USER_ATTRIBUTES table.

The User_attributes column may contain these attributes:

• additional_password: The secondary password, if any. See Dual Password Support.

• Restrictions: Restriction lists, if any. Restrictions are added by partial-revoke operations. The attribute value is an array of elements that each have Database and Restrictions keys indicating the name of a restricted database and the applicable restrictions on it (see Section 8.2.12, “Privilege Restriction Using Partial Revokes”).

• Password_locking: The conditions for failed-login tracking and temporary account locking, if any (see Failed-Login Tracking and Temporary Account Locking). The Password_locking attribute is updated according to the FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS and PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME options of the CREATE USER and ALTER USER statements. The attribute value is a hash with failed_login_attempts and password_lock_time_days keys indicating the value of such options as have been specified for the account. If a key is missing, its value is implicitly 0. If a key value is implicitly or explicitly 0, the corresponding capability is disabled.

• multi_factor_authentication: Rows in the mysql.user system table have a plugin column that indicates an authentication plugin. For single-factor authentication, that plugin is the only authentication factor. For two-factor or three-factor forms of multifactor authentication, that plugin corresponds to the first authentication factor, but additional information must be stored for the second and third factors. The multi_factor_authentication attribute holds this information.

  The multi_factor_authentication value is an array, where each array element is a hash that describes an authentication factor using these attributes:

  • plugin: The name of the authentication plugin.

  • authentication_string: The authentication string value.

  • passwordless: A flag that denotes whether the user is meant to be used without a password (with a security token as the only authentication method).

  • requires_registration: a flag that defines whether the user account has registered a security token.

  The first and second array elements describe multifactor authentication factors 2 and 3.

If no attributes apply, User_attributes is NULL.

Example: An account that has a secondary password and partially revoked database privileges has additional_password and Restrictions attributes in the column value:

mysql> SELECT User_attributes FROM mysql.User WHERE User = 'u'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
User_attributes: {"Restrictions":
                   [{"Database": "mysql", "Privileges": ["SELECT"]}],
                  "additional_password": "hashed_credentials"}

To determine which attributes are present, use the JSON_KEYS() function:

SELECT User, Host, JSON_KEYS(User_attributes)
FROM mysql.user WHERE User_attributes IS NOT NULL;

To extract a particular attribute, such as Restrictions, do this:

SELECT User, Host, User_attributes->>'$.Restrictions'
FROM mysql.user WHERE User_attributes->>'$.Restrictions' <> '';

Here is an example of the kind of information stored for multi_factor_authentication:

{
  "multi_factor_authentication": [
    {
      "plugin": "authentication_ldap_simple",
      "passwordless": 0,
      "authentication_string": "ldap auth string",
      "requires_registration": 0
    },
    {
      "plugin": "authentication_webauthn",
      "passwordless": 0,
      "authentication_string": "",
      "requires_registration": 1
    }
  ]
}

The tables_priv and columns_priv Grant Tables

During the second stage of access control, the server performs request verification to ensure that each client has sufficient privileges for each request that it issues. In addition to the user and db grant tables, the server may also consult the tables_priv and columns_priv tables for requests that involve tables. The latter tables provide finer privilege control at the table and column levels. They have the columns shown in the following table.

Table 8.6 tables_priv and columns_priv Table Columns

Table Name	tables_priv	columns_priv
Scope columns	Host	Host
	Db	Db
	User	User
	Table_name	Table_name
		Column_name
Privilege columns	Table_priv	Column_priv
	Column_priv
Other columns	Timestamp	Timestamp
	Grantor

The Timestamp and Grantor columns are set to the current timestamp and the CURRENT_USER value, respectively, but are otherwise unused.

The procs_priv Grant Table

For verification of requests that involve stored routines, the server may consult the procs_priv table, which has the columns shown in the following table.

Table 8.7 procs_priv Table Columns

Table Name	procs_priv
Scope columns	Host
	Db
	User
	Routine_name
	Routine_type
Privilege columns	Proc_priv
Other columns	Timestamp
	Grantor

The Routine_type column is an ENUM column with values of 'FUNCTION' or 'PROCEDURE' to indicate the type of routine the row refers to. This column enables privileges to be granted separately for a function and a procedure with the same name.

The Timestamp and Grantor columns are unused.

The proxies_priv Grant Table

The proxies_priv table records information about proxy accounts. It has these columns:

• Host, User: The proxy account; that is, the account that has the PROXY privilege for the proxied account.

• Proxied_host, Proxied_user: The proxied account.

• Grantor, Timestamp: Unused.

• With_grant: Whether the proxy account can grant the PROXY privilege to other accounts.

For an account to be able to grant the PROXY privilege to other accounts, it must have a row in the proxies_priv table with With_grant set to 1 and Proxied_host and Proxied_user set to indicate the account or accounts for which the privilege can be granted. For example, the 'root'@'localhost' account created during MySQL installation has a row in the proxies_priv table that enables granting the PROXY privilege for ''@'', that is, for all users and all hosts. This enables root to set up proxy users, as well as to delegate to other accounts the authority to set up proxy users. See Section 8.2.19, “Proxy Users”.

The global_grants Grant Table

The global_grants table lists current assignments of dynamic global privileges to user accounts. The table has these columns:

• USER, HOST: The user name and host name of the account to which the privilege is granted.

• PRIV: The privilege name.

• WITH_GRANT_OPTION: Whether the account can grant the privilege to other accounts.

The default_roles Grant Table

The default_roles table lists default user roles. It has these columns:

• HOST, USER: The account or role to which the default role applies.

• DEFAULT_ROLE_HOST, DEFAULT_ROLE_USER: The default role.

The role_edges Grant Table

The role_edges table lists edges for role subgraphs. It has these columns:

• FROM_HOST, FROM_USER: The account that is granted a role.

• TO_HOST, TO_USER: The role that is granted to the account.

• WITH_ADMIN_OPTION: Whether the account can grant the role to and revoke it from other accounts by using WITH ADMIN OPTION.

The password_history Grant Table

The password_history table contains information about password changes. It has these columns:

• Host, User: The account for which the password change occurred.

• Password_timestamp: The time when the password change occurred.

• Password: The new password hash value.

The password_history table accumulates a sufficient number of nonempty passwords per account to enable MySQL to perform checks against both the account password history length and reuse interval. Automatic pruning of entries that are outside both limits occurs when password-change attempts occur.

Note

The empty password does not count in the password history and is subject to reuse at any time.

If an account is renamed, its entries are renamed to match. If an account is dropped or its authentication plugin is changed, its entries are removed.

Grant Table Scope Column Properties

Scope columns in the grant tables contain strings. The default value for each is the empty string. The following table shows the number of characters permitted in each column.

Table 8.8 Grant Table Scope Column Lengths

Column Name	Maximum Permitted Characters
Host, Proxied_host	255
User, Proxied_user	32
Db	64
Table_name	64
Column_name	64
Routine_name	64

Host and Proxied_host values are converted to lowercase before being stored in the grant tables.

For access-checking purposes, comparisons of User, Proxied_user, authentication_string, Db, and Table_name values are case-sensitive. Comparisons of Host, Proxied_host, Column_name, and Routine_name values are not case-sensitive.

Grant Table Privilege Column Properties

The user and db tables list each privilege in a separate column that is declared as ENUM('N','Y') DEFAULT 'N'. In other words, each privilege can be disabled or enabled, with the default being disabled.

The tables_priv, columns_priv, and procs_priv tables declare the privilege columns as SET columns. Values in these columns can contain any combination of the privileges controlled by the table. Only those privileges listed in the column value are enabled.

Table 8.9 Set-Type Privilege Column Values

Table Name	Column Name	Possible Set Elements
tables_priv	Table_priv	'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', 'Delete', 'Create', 'Drop', 'Grant', 'References', 'Index', 'Alter', 'Create View', 'Show view', 'Trigger'
tables_priv	Column_priv	'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', 'References'
columns_priv	Column_priv	'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', 'References'
procs_priv	Proc_priv	'Execute', 'Alter Routine', 'Grant'

Only the user and global_grants tables specify administrative privileges, such as RELOAD, SHUTDOWN, and SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN. Administrative operations are operations on the server itself and are not database-specific, so there is no reason to list these privileges in the other grant tables. Consequently, the server need consult only the user and global_grants tables to determine whether a user can perform an administrative operation.

The FILE privilege also is specified only in the user table. It is not an administrative privilege as such, but a user's ability to read or write files on the server host is independent of the database being accessed.

Grant Table Concurrency

To permit concurrent DML and DDL operations on MySQL grant tables, read operations that previously acquired row locks on MySQL grant tables are executed as non-locking reads. Operations that are performed as non-locking reads on MySQL grant tables include:

• SELECT statements and other read-only statements that read data from grant tables through join lists and subqueries, including SELECT ... FOR SHARE statements, using any transaction isolation level.

• DML operations that read data from grant tables (through join lists or subqueries) but do not modify them, using any transaction isolation level.

Statements that no longer acquire row locks when reading data from grant tables report a warning if executed while using statement-based replication.

When using -binlog_format=mixed, DML operations that read data from grant tables are written to the binary log as row events to make the operations safe for mixed-mode replication.

SELECT ... FOR SHARE statements that read data from grant tables report a warning. With the FOR SHARE clause, read locks are not supported on grant tables.

DML operations that read data from grant tables and are executed using the SERIALIZABLE isolation level report a warning. Read locks that would normally be acquired when using the SERIALIZABLE isolation level are not supported on grant tables.