MySQL :: MySQL Connector/J Developer Guide :: 6.2 Connection URL Syntax

MySQL Connector/J Developer Guide / Connector/J Reference / Connection URL Syntax

6.2 Connection URL Syntax

This section explains the syntax of the URLs for connecting to MySQL.

This is the generic format of the connection URL:

protocol//[hosts][/database][?properties]

The URL consists of the following parts:

Important

Any reserved characters for URLs (for example, /, :, @, (, ), [, ], &, #, =, ?, and space) that appear in any part of the connection URL must be percent encoded.

`protocol`

There are the possible protocols for a connection:

jdbc:mysql: is for ordinary and basic JDBC failover connections.
jdbc:mysql:loadbalance: is for load-balancing JDBC connections. See Section 9.3, “Configuring Load Balancing with Connector/J” for details.
jdbc:mysql:replication: is for JDBC replication connections. See Section 9.4, “Configuring Source/Replica Replication with Connector/J” for details.
mysqlx: is for X DevAPI connections.
jdbc:mysql+srv: is for ordinary and basic failover JDBC connections that make use of DNS SRV records.
jdbc:mysql+srv:loadbalance: is for load-balancing JDBC connections that make use of DNS SRV records.
jdbc:mysql+srv:replication: is for replication JDBC connections that make use of DNS SRV records.
mysqlx+srv: is for X DevAPI connections that make use of DNS SRV records.

`hosts`

Depending on the situation, the hosts part may consist simply of a host name, or it can be a complex structure consisting of various elements like multiple host names, port numbers, host-specific properties, and user credentials.

Single host:
- Single-host connections without adding host-specific properties:
  - The hosts part is written in the format of host:port. This is an example of a simple single-host connection URL:
    
    jdbc:mysql://host1:33060/sakila
  - host can be an IPv4 or an IPv6 host name string, and in the latter case it must be put inside square brackets, for example “[1000:2000::abcd].” When host is not specified, the default value of localhost is used.
  - port is a standard port number, i.e., an integer between 1 and 65535. The default port number for an ordinary MySQL connection is 3306, and it is 33060 for a connection using the X Protocol. If port is not specified, the corresponding default is used.
- Single-host connections adding host-specific properties:
  - In this case, the host is defined as a succession of key=value pairs. Keys are used to identify the host, the port, as well as any host-specific properties. There are two alternate formats for specifying keys:
    
    The “address-equals” form:
    
    address=(host=host_or_ip)(port=port)(key1=value1)(key2=value2)...(keyN=valueN)
    
    Here is a sample URL using the“address-equals” form :
    
    jdbc:mysql://address=(host=myhost)(port=1111)(key1=value1)/db
    
    The “key-value” form:
    
    (host=host,port=port,key1=value1,key2=value2,...,keyN=valueN)
    
    Here is a sample URL using the “key-value” form :
    
    jdbc:mysql://(host=myhost,port=1111,key1=value1)/db
  - The host and the port are identified by the keys host and port. The descriptions of the format and default values of host and port in Single host without host-specific properties above also apply here.
  - Other keys that can be added include user, password, protocol, and so on. They override the global values set in the properties part of the URL. Limit the overrides to user, password, network timeouts, and statement and metadata cache sizes; the effects of other per-host overrides are not defined.
  - Different protocols may require different keys. For example, the mysqlx: scheme uses two special keys, address and priority. address is a host:port pair and priority an integer. For example:
    
    mysqlx://(address=host:1111,priority=1,key1=value1)/db
  - key is case-sensitive. Two keys differing in case only are considered conflicting, and there are no guarantees on which one will be used.
Multiple hosts

There are two formats for specifying multiple hosts:
- List hosts in a comma-separated list:
```
host1,host2,...,hostN
```
  Each host can be specified in any of the three ways described in Single host above. Here are some examples:
```
jdbc:mysql://myhost1:1111,myhost2:2222/db
jdbc:mysql://address=(host=myhost1)(port=1111)(key1=value1),address=(host=myhost2)(port=2222)(key2=value2)/db
jdbc:mysql://(host=myhost1,port=1111,key1=value1),(host=myhost2,port=2222,key2=value2)/db
jdbc:mysql://myhost1:1111,(host=myhost2,port=2222,key2=value2)/db
mysqlx://(address=host1:1111,priority=1,key1=value1),(address=host2:2222,priority=2,key2=value2)/db
```
- List hosts in a comma-separated list, and then encloses the list by square brackets:
```
[host1,host2,...,hostN]
```
  This is called the host sublist form, which allows sharing of the user credentials by all hosts in the list as if they are a single host. Each host in the list can be specified in any of the three ways described in Single host above. Here are some examples:
```
jdbc:mysql://sandy:secret@[myhost1:1111,myhost2:2222]/db
jdbc:mysql://sandy:secret@[address=(host=myhost1)(port=1111)(key1=value1),address=(host=myhost2)(port=2222)(key2=value2)]/db
jdbc:mysql://sandy:secret@[myhost1:1111,address=(host=myhost2)(port=2222)(key2=value2)]/db
```
  While it is not possible to write host sublists recursively, a host list may contain host sublists as its member hosts.
User credentials

User credentials can be set outside of the connection URL—for example, as arguments when getting a connection from the java.sql.DriverManager (see Section 6.3, “Configuration Properties” for details). When set with the connection URL, there are several ways to specify them:
- Prefix the a single host, a host sublist (see Multiple hosts), or any host in a list of hosts with the user credentials with an @:
```
 user:password@host_or_host_sublist
```
  For example:
```
mysqlx://sandy:secret@[(address=host1:1111,priority=1,key1=value1),(address=host2:2222,priority=2,key2=value2))]/db
```
- Use the keys user and password to specify credentials for each host:
```
(user=sandy)(password=mypass)
```
  For example:
```
jdbc:mysql://[(host=myhost1,port=1111,user=sandy,password=secret),(host=myhost2,port=2222,user=finn,password=secret)]/db
jdbc:mysql://address=(host=myhost1)(port=1111)(user=sandy)(password=secret),address=(host=myhost2)(port=2222)(user=finn)(password=secret)/db
```
In both forms, when multiple user credentials are specified, the one to the left takes precedence—that is, going from left to right in the connection string, the first one found that is applicable to a host is the one that is used.

Inside a host sublist, no host can have user credentials in the @ format, but individual host can have user credentials specified in the key format.

`database`

The default database or catalog to open. If the database is not specified, the connection is made with no default database. In this case, either call the setCatalog() method on the Connection instance, or specify table names using the database name (that is, SELECT dbname.tablename.colname FROM dbname.tablename...) in your SQL statements. Opening a connection without specifying the database to use is, in general, only useful when building tools that work with multiple databases, such as GUI database managers.

Note

Always use the Connection.setCatalog() method to specify the desired database in JDBC applications, rather than the USE database statement.

`properties`

A succession of global properties applying to all hosts, preceded by ? and written as key=value pairs separated by the symbol “&.” Here are some examples:

jdbc:mysql://(host=myhost1,port=1111),(host=myhost2,port=2222)/db?key1=value1&key2=value2&key3=value3

The following are true for the key-value pairs:

key and value are just strings. Proper type conversion and validation are performed internally in Connector/J.
key is case-sensitive. Two keys differing in case only are considered conflicting, and it is uncertain which one will be used.
Any host-specific values specified with key-value pairs as explained in Single host with host-specific properties and Multiple hosts above override the global values set here.

See Section 6.3, “Configuration Properties” for details about the configuration properties.

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