MySQL Connectors provide connectivity to the MySQL server for client programs. APIs provide low-level access to MySQL resources using either the classic MySQL protocol or X Protocol. Both Connectors and the APIs enable you to connect and execute MySQL statements from another language or environment, including ODBC, Java (JDBC), C++, Python, PHP, Perl, Ruby, and native C and embedded MySQL instances.

MySQL Connectors

Oracle develops a number of connectors:

Connector/C++ enables C++ applications to connect to MySQL.
Connector/J provides driver support for connecting to MySQL from Java applications using the standard Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API.
Connector/NET enables developers to create .NET applications that connect to MySQL. Connector/NET implements a fully functional ADO.NET interface and provides support for use with ADO.NET aware tools. Applications that use Connector/NET can be written in any supported .NET language.
Connector/ODBC provides driver support for connecting to MySQL using the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) API. Support is available for ODBC connectivity from Windows, Unix, and macOS platforms.
Connector/Python provides driver support for connecting to MySQL from Python applications using an API that is compliant with the Python DB API version 2.0. No additional Python modules or MySQL client libraries are required.

The MySQL C API

For direct access to using MySQL natively within a C application, there are two methods:

The C API provides low-level access to the MySQL client/server protocol through the libmysqlclient client library. This is the primary method used to connect to an instance of the MySQL server, and is used both by MySQL command-line clients and many of the MySQL Connectors and third-party APIs detailed here.
libmysqlclient is included in MySQL distributions.
libmysqld is an embedded MySQL server library that enables you to embed an instance of the MySQL server into your C applications.
libmysqld is included in MySQL distributions.

Note

The libmysqld embedded server library is deprecated as of MySQL 5.7.19 and is removed in MySQL 8.0.

Third-Party MySQL APIs

The remaining APIs described in this chapter provide an interface to MySQL from specific application languages. These third-party solutions are not developed or supported by Oracle. Basic information on their usage and abilities is provided here for reference purposes only.

All the third-party language APIs are developed using one of two methods, using libmysqlclient or by implementing a native driver. The two solutions offer different benefits:

Using libmysqlclient offers complete compatibility with MySQL because it uses the same libraries as the MySQL client applications. However, the feature set is limited to the implementation and interfaces exposed through libmysqlclient and the performance may be lower as data is copied between the native language, and the MySQL API components.
Native drivers are an implementation of the MySQL network protocol entirely within the host language or environment. Native drivers are fast, as there is less copying of data between components, and they can offer advanced functionality not available through the standard MySQL API. Native drivers are also easier for end users to build and deploy because no copy of the MySQL client libraries is needed to build the native driver components.

Table 27.1, “MySQL APIs and Interfaces” lists many of the libraries and interfaces available for MySQL.

Table 27.1 MySQL APIs and Interfaces

Environment	API	Type	Notes
Ada	GNU Ada MySQL Bindings	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL Bindings for GNU Ada
C	C API	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL 5.7 C API Developer Guide.
C++	Connector/C++	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL Connector/C++ 9.1 Developer Guide.
	MySQL++	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL++ website.
	MySQL wrapped	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL wrapped.
Cocoa	MySQL-Cocoa	`libmysqlclient`	Compatible with the Objective-C Cocoa environment. See http://mysql-cocoa.sourceforge.net/
D	MySQL for D	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL for D.
Eiffel	Eiffel MySQL	`libmysqlclient`	See Section 27.13, “MySQL Eiffel Wrapper”.
Erlang	`erlang-mysql-driver`	`libmysqlclient`	See `erlang-mysql-driver`.
Haskell	Haskell MySQL Bindings	Native Driver	See Brian O'Sullivan's pure Haskell MySQL bindings.
	`hsql-mysql`	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL driver for Haskell.
Java/JDBC	Connector/J	Native Driver	See MySQL Connector/J Developer Guide.
Kaya	MyDB	`libmysqlclient`	See MyDB.
Lua	LuaSQL	`libmysqlclient`	See LuaSQL.
.NET/Mono	Connector/NET	Native Driver	See MySQL Connector/NET Developer Guide.
Objective Caml	OBjective Caml MySQL Bindings	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL Bindings for Objective Caml.
Octave	Database bindings for GNU Octave	`libmysqlclient`	See Database bindings for GNU Octave.
ODBC	Connector/ODBC	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL Connector/ODBC Developer Guide.
Perl	`DBI`/`DBD::mysql`	`libmysqlclient`	See Section 27.9, “MySQL Perl API”.
	`Net::MySQL`	Native Driver	See `Net::MySQL` at CPAN
PHP	`mysql`, `ext/mysql` interface (deprecated)	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL and PHP.
	`mysqli`, `ext/mysqli` interface	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL and PHP.
	`PDO_MYSQL`	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL and PHP.
	PDO mysqlnd	Native Driver
Python	Connector/Python	Native Driver	See MySQL Connector/Python Developer Guide.
Python	Connector/Python C Extension	`libmysqlclient`	See MySQL Connector/Python Developer Guide.
	MySQLdb	`libmysqlclient`	See Section 27.10, “MySQL Python API”.
Ruby	mysql2	`libmysqlclient`	Uses `libmysqlclient`. See Section 27.11, “MySQL Ruby APIs”.
Scheme	`Myscsh`	`libmysqlclient`	See `Myscsh`.
SPL	`sql_mysql`	`libmysqlclient`	See `sql_mysql` for SPL.
Tcl	MySQLtcl	`libmysqlclient`	See Section 27.12, “MySQL Tcl API”.

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