10.3.8 Character Set Introducers

A character string literal, hexadecimal literal, or bit-value literal may have an optional character set introducer and COLLATE clause, to designate it as a string that uses a particular character set and collation:

[_charset_name] literal [COLLATE collation_name]

The _charset_name expression is formally called an introducer. It tells the parser, “the string that follows uses character set charset_name.” An introducer does not change the string to the introducer character set like CONVERT() would do. It does not change the string value, although padding may occur. The introducer is just a signal.

For character string literals, space between the introducer and the string is permitted but optional.

For character set literals, an introducer indicates the character set for the following string, but does not change how the parser performs escape processing within the string. Escapes are always interpreted by the parser according to the character set given by character_set_connection. For additional discussion and examples, see Section 10.3.6, “Character String Literal Character Set and Collation”.

Examples:

SELECT 'abc';
SELECT _latin1'abc';
SELECT _binary'abc';
SELECT _utf8'abc' COLLATE utf8_danish_ci;

SELECT _latin1 X'4D7953514C';
SELECT _utf8 0x4D7953514C COLLATE utf8_danish_ci;

SELECT _latin1 b'1000001';
SELECT _utf8 0b1000001 COLLATE utf8_danish_ci;

Character set introducers and the COLLATE clause are implemented according to standard SQL specifications.

Character string literals can be designated as binary strings by using the _binary introducer. Hexadecimal literals and bit-value literals are binary strings by default, so _binary is permitted, but unnecessary.

MySQL determines the character set and collation of a character string literal, hexadecimal literal, or bit-value literal in the following manner:

• If both _charset_name and COLLATE collation_name are specified, character set charset_name and collation collation_name are used. collation_name must be a permitted collation for charset_name.

• If _charset_name is specified but COLLATE is not specified, character set charset_name and its default collation are used. To see the default collation for each character set, use the SHOW CHARACTER SET statement or query the INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS table.

• If _charset_name is not specified but COLLATE collation_name is specified:

  • For a character string literal, the connection default character set given by the character_set_connection system variable and collation collation_name are used. collation_name must be a permitted collation for the connection default character set.

  • For a hexadecimal literal or bit-value literal, the only permitted collation is binary because these types of literals are binary strings by default.

• Otherwise (neither _charset_name nor COLLATE collation_name is specified):

  • For a character string literal, the connection default character set and collation given by the character_set_connection and collation_connection system variables are used.

  • For a hexadecimal literal or bit-value literal, the character set and collation are binary.

Examples:

• Nonbinary strings with latin1 character set and latin1_german1_ci collation:

  SELECT _latin1'Müller' COLLATE latin1_german1_ci;
  SELECT _latin1 X'0A0D' COLLATE latin1_german1_ci;
  SELECT _latin1 b'0110' COLLATE latin1_german1_ci;

• Nonbinary strings with utf8 character set and its default collation (that is, utf8_general_ci):

  SELECT _utf8'Müller';
  SELECT _utf8 X'0A0D';
  SELECT _utf8 b'0110';

• Binary strings with binary character set and its default collation (that is, binary):

  SELECT _binary'Müller';
  SELECT X'0A0D';
  SELECT b'0110';

  The hexadecimal literal and bit-value literal need no introducer because they are binary strings by default.

• A nonbinary string with the connection default character set and utf8_general_ci collation (fails if the connection character set is not utf8):

  SELECT 'Müller' COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

  This construction (COLLATE only) does not work for hexadecimal literals or bit literals because their character set is binary no matter the connection character set, and binary is not compatible with the utf8_general_ci collation. The only permitted COLLATE clause in the absence of an introducer is COLLATE binary.

• A string with the connection default character set and collation:

  SELECT 'Müller';