15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine

15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options

15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys

15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats

15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems

MyISAM is based on the older (and no longer available) ISAM storage engine but has many useful extensions.

Table 15.2 MyISAM Storage Engine Features

Feature	Support
B-tree indexes	Yes
Backup/point-in-time recovery (Implemented in the server, rather than in the storage engine.)	Yes
Cluster database support	No
Clustered indexes	No
Compressed data	Yes (Compressed MyISAM tables are supported only when using the compressed row format. Tables using the compressed row format with MyISAM are read only.)
Data caches	No
Encrypted data	Yes (Implemented in the server via encryption functions.)
Foreign key support	No
Full-text search indexes	Yes
Geospatial data type support	Yes
Geospatial indexing support	Yes
Hash indexes	No
Index caches	Yes
Locking granularity	Table
MVCC	No
Replication support (Implemented in the server, rather than in the storage engine.)	Yes
Storage limits	256TB
T-tree indexes	No
Transactions	No
Update statistics for data dictionary	Yes

Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. An .frm file stores the table format. The data file has an .MYD (MYData) extension. The index file has an .MYI (MYIndex) extension.

To specify explicitly that you want a MyISAM table, indicate that with an ENGINE table option:

CREATE TABLE t (i INT) ENGINE = MYISAM;

In MySQL 5.7, it is normally necessary to use ENGINE to specify the MyISAM storage engine because InnoDB is the default engine.

You can check or repair MyISAM tables with the mysqlcheck client or myisamchk utility. You can also compress MyISAM tables with myisampack to take up much less space. See Section 4.5.3, “mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program”, Section 4.6.3, “myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility”, and Section 4.6.5, “myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables”.

MyISAM tables have the following characteristics:

• All data values are stored with the low byte first. This makes the data machine and operating system independent. The only requirements for binary portability are that the machine uses two's-complement signed integers and IEEE floating-point format. These requirements are widely used among mainstream machines. Binary compatibility might not be applicable to embedded systems, which sometimes have peculiar processors.

  There is no significant speed penalty for storing data low byte first; the bytes in a table row normally are unaligned and it takes little more processing to read an unaligned byte in order than in reverse order. Also, the code in the server that fetches column values is not time critical compared to other code.

• All numeric key values are stored with the high byte first to permit better index compression.

• Large files (up to 63-bit file length) are supported on file systems and operating systems that support large files.

• There is a limit of (2³²)² (1.844E+19) rows in a MyISAM table.

• The maximum number of indexes per MyISAM table is 64.

  The maximum number of columns per index is 16.

• The maximum key length is 1000 bytes. This can also be changed by changing the source and recompiling. For the case of a key longer than 250 bytes, a larger key block size than the default of 1024 bytes is used.

• When rows are inserted in sorted order (as when you are using an AUTO_INCREMENT column), the index tree is split so that the high node only contains one key. This improves space utilization in the index tree.

• Internal handling of one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table is supported. MyISAM automatically updates this column for INSERT and UPDATE operations. This makes AUTO_INCREMENT columns faster (at least 10%). Values at the top of the sequence are not reused after being deleted. (When an AUTO_INCREMENT column is defined as the last column of a multiple-column index, reuse of values deleted from the top of a sequence does occur.) The AUTO_INCREMENT value can be reset with ALTER TABLE or myisamchk.

• Dynamic-sized rows are much less fragmented when mixing deletes with updates and inserts. This is done by automatically combining adjacent deleted blocks and by extending blocks if the next block is deleted.

• MyISAM supports concurrent inserts: If a table has no free blocks in the middle of the data file, you can INSERT new rows into it at the same time that other threads are reading from the table. A free block can occur as a result of deleting rows or an update of a dynamic length row with more data than its current contents. When all free blocks are used up (filled in), future inserts become concurrent again. See Section 8.11.3, “Concurrent Inserts”.

• You can put the data file and index file in different directories on different physical devices to get more speed with the DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY table options to CREATE TABLE. See Section 13.1.18, “CREATE TABLE Statement”.

• BLOB and TEXT columns can be indexed.

• NULL values are permitted in indexed columns. This takes 0 to 1 bytes per key.

• Each character column can have a different character set. See Chapter 10, Character Sets, Collations, Unicode.

• There is a flag in the MyISAM index file that indicates whether the table was closed correctly. If mysqld is started with the myisam_recover_options system variable set, MyISAM tables are automatically checked when opened, and are repaired if the table wasn't closed properly.

• myisamchk marks tables as checked if you run it with the --update-state option. myisamchk --fast checks only those tables that don't have this mark.

• myisamchk --analyze stores statistics for portions of keys, as well as for entire keys.

• myisampack can pack BLOB and VARCHAR columns.

MyISAM also supports the following features:

• Support for a true VARCHAR type; a VARCHAR column starts with a length stored in one or two bytes.

• Tables with VARCHAR columns may have fixed or dynamic row length.

• The sum of the lengths of the VARCHAR and CHAR columns in a table may be up to 64KB.

• Arbitrary length UNIQUE constraints.

Additional Resources

• A forum dedicated to the MyISAM storage engine is available at https://forums.mysql.com/list.php?21.