Options that affect security: See Section 6.1.4, “Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables”.

SSL-related options: See Section 6.3.6.4, “SSL Command Options”.

Binary log control options: See Section 16.1.2.4, “Binary Log Options and Variables”.

Replication-related options: See Section 16.1.2, “Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables”.

Options specific to particular storage engines: See Section 14.1.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”, Section 14.5.3, “BDB Startup Options”, Section 14.2.2, “InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables”, and Section 17.3.4.2, “mysqld Command Options for MySQL Cluster”.

--help, -?

Display a short help message and exit. Use both the --verbose and --help options to see the full message.

--allow-suspicious-udfs

This option controls whether user-defined functions that have only an xxx symbol for the main function can be loaded. By default, the option is off and only UDFs that have at least one auxiliary symbol can be loaded; this prevents attempts at loading functions from shared object files other than those containing legitimate UDFs. This option was added in version 5.0.3. See Section 21.2.2.6, “User-Defined Function Security Precautions”.

--ansi

Use standard (ANSI) SQL syntax instead of MySQL syntax. For more precise control over the server SQL mode, use the --sql-mode option instead. See Section 1.8.3, “Running MySQL in ANSI Mode”, and Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”.

--basedir=path, -b path

The path to the MySQL installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this directory.

--big-tables

Enable large result sets by saving all temporary sets in files. This option prevents most “table full” errors, but also slows down queries for which in-memory tables would suffice. Since MySQL 3.23.2, the server is able to handle large result sets automatically by using memory for small temporary tables and switching to disk tables where necessary.

--bind-address=addr

The MySQL server listens on a single network socket for TCP/IP connections. This socket is bound to a single address, but it is possible for an address to map onto multiple network interfaces. The default address is 0.0.0.0. To specify an address explicitly, use the --bind-address=addr option at server startup, where addr is an IPv4 address or a host name. If addr is a host name, the server resolves the name to an IPv4 address and binds to that address.

The server treats different types of addresses as follows:

If you intend to bind the server to a specific address, be sure that the mysql.user grant table contains an account with administrative privileges that you can use connect to that address. Otherwise, you will not be able to shut down the server. For example, if you bind to 0.0.0.0, you can connect to the server using all existing accounts. But if you bind to 127.0.0.1, the server accepts connections only on that address. In this case, first make sure that the 'root'@'127.0.0.1' account is present in the mysql.user table so that you can still connect to the server to shut it down.

--bootstrap

This option is used by the mysql_install_db script to create the MySQL privilege tables without having to start a full MySQL server.

This option is unavailable if MySQL was configured with the --disable-grant-options option. See Section 2.17.3, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”.

--character-sets-dir=path

The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”.

--character-set-client-handshake

Do not ignore character set information sent by the client. To ignore client information and use the default server character set, use --skip-character-set-client-handshake; this makes MySQL behave like MySQL 4.0.

--character-set-filesystem=charset_name

The file system character set. This option sets the character_set_filesystem system variable. It was added in MySQL 5.0.19.

--character-set-server=charset_name, -C charset_name

Use charset_name as the default server character set. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”. If you use this option to specify a nondefault character set, you should also use --collation-server to specify the collation.

--chroot=path, -r path

Put the mysqld server in a closed environment during startup by using the chroot() system call. This is a recommended security measure. Note that use of this option somewhat limits LOAD DATA INFILE and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE.

--collation-server=collation_name

Use collation_name as the default server collation. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”.

--console

(Windows only.) Write error log messages to stderr and stdout. mysqld does not close the console window if this option is used.

If both --log-error and --console are specified, whichever option is given last takes precedence.

--core-file

Write a core file if mysqld dies. The name and location of the core file is system dependent. On Linux, a core file named core.pid is written to the current working directory of the process, which for mysqld is the data directory. pid represents the process ID of the server process. On Mac OS X, a core file named core.pid is written to the /cores directory. On Solaris, use the coreadm command to specify where to write the core file and how to name it.

For some systems, to get a core file you must also specify the --core-file-size option to mysqld_safe. See Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”. On some systems, such as Solaris, you do not get a core file if you are also using the --user option. There might be additional restrictions or limitations. For example, it might be necessary to execute ulimit -c unlimited before starting the server. Consult your system documentation.

--datadir=path, -h path

The path to the data directory.

--debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]

If MySQL is configured with --with-debug, you can use this option to get a trace file of what mysqld is doing. A typical debug_options string is 'd:t:o,file_name'. The default is 'd:t:i:o,mysqld.trace'. See MySQL Internals: Porting to Other Systems.

As of MySQL 5.0.25, using --with-debug to configure MySQL with debugging support enables you to use the --debug="d,parser_debug" option when you start the server. This causes the Bison parser that is used to process SQL statements to dump a parser trace to the server's standard error output. Typically, this output is written to the error log.

--default-character-set=charset_name

Use charset_name as the default character set. This option is deprecated in favor of --character-set-server. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”. --default-character-set is removed in MySQL 5.5.

--default-collation=collation_name

Use collation_name as the default collation. This option is deprecated in favor of --collation-server. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”. --default-collation is removed in MySQL 5.5.

--default-storage-engine=type

Set the default storage engine (table type) for tables. See Chapter 14, Storage Engines.

--default-table-type=type

This option is a deprecated synonym for --default-storage-engine.

--default-time-zone=timezone

Set the default server time zone. This option sets the global time_zone system variable. If this option is not given, the default time zone is the same as the system time zone (given by the value of the system_time_zone system variable.

--delay-key-write[={OFF|ON|ALL}]

Specify how to use delayed key writes. Delayed key writing causes key buffers not to be flushed between writes for MyISAM tables. OFF disables delayed key writes. ON enables delayed key writes for those tables that were created with the DELAY_KEY_WRITE option. ALL delays key writes for all MyISAM tables. See Section 8.9.2, “Tuning Server Parameters”, and Section 14.1.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”.

--des-key-file=file_name

Read the default DES keys from this file. These keys are used by the DES_ENCRYPT() and DES_DECRYPT() functions.

--enable-locking

This option is deprecated. Use --external-locking instead.

--enable-named-pipe

Enable support for named pipes. This option can be used only with the mysqld-nt and mysqld-debug servers that support named-pipe connections.

--enable-pstack

Print a symbolic stack trace on failure. This capability is available only on Intel Linux systems, and only if MySQL was configured with the --with-pstack option.

--engine-condition-pushdown={ON|OFF}

Sets the engine_condition_pushdown system variable. For more information, see Section 8.3.1.5, “Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization”.

This variable was added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--exit-info[=flags], -T [flags]

This is a bit mask of different flags that you can use for debugging the mysqld server. Do not use this option unless you know exactly what it does!

--external-locking

Enable external locking (system locking), which is disabled by default as of MySQL 4.0. Note that if you use this option on a system on which lockd does not fully work (such as Linux), it is easy for mysqld to deadlock. This option previously was named --enable-locking.

External locking affects only MyISAM table access. For more information, including conditions under which it can and cannot be used, see Section 8.7.4, “External Locking”.

--flush

Flush (synchronize) all changes to disk after each SQL statement. Normally, MySQL does a write of all changes to disk only after each SQL statement and lets the operating system handle the synchronizing to disk. See Section C.5.4.2, “What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing”.

--gdb

Install an interrupt handler for SIGINT (needed to stop mysqld with ^C to set breakpoints) and disable stack tracing and core file handling. See MySQL Internals: Porting to Other Systems.

--init-file=file_name

Read SQL statements from this file at startup. Each statement must be on a single line and should not include comments.

This option is unavailable if MySQL was configured with the --disable-grant-options option. See Section 2.17.3, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”.

--innodb-safe-binlog

If this option is given, then after a crash recovery by InnoDB, mysqld truncates the binary log after the last not-rolled-back transaction in the log. The option also causes InnoDB to print an error if the binary log is smaller or shorter than it should be. See Section 5.2.3, “The Binary Log”. This option was removed in MySQL 5.0.3, having been made obsolete by the introduction of XA transaction support.

--innodb-xxx

Set an option for the InnoDB storage engine. The InnoDB options are listed in Section 14.2.2, “InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables”.

--install [service_name]

(Windows only) Install the server as a Windows service that starts automatically during Windows startup. The default service name is MySQL if no service_name value is given. For more information, see Section 2.10.4.7, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.

--install-manual [service_name]

(Windows only) Install the server as a Windows service that must be started manually. It does not start automatically during Windows startup. The default service name is MySQL if no service_name value is given. For more information, see Section 2.10.4.7, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.

--language=lang_name, -L lang_name

The language to use for error messages. lang_name can be given as the language name or as the full path name to the directory where the language files are installed. See Section 10.2, “Setting the Error Message Language”.

--large-pages

Some hardware/operating system architectures support memory pages greater than the default (usually 4KB). The actual implementation of this support depends on the underlying hardware and operating system. Applications that perform a lot of memory accesses may obtain performance improvements by using large pages due to reduced Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) misses.

Currently, MySQL supports only the Linux implementation of large page support (which is called HugeTLB in Linux). See Section 8.9.7, “Enabling Large Page Support”.

--large-pages is disabled by default. It was added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--log[=file_name], -l [file_name]

Log connections and SQL statements received from clients to this file. See Section 5.2.2, “The General Query Log”. If you omit the file name, MySQL uses host_name.log as the file name.

--log-error[=file_name]

Log errors and startup messages to this file. See Section 5.2.1, “The Error Log”. If you omit the file name, MySQL uses host_name.err. If the file name has no extension, the server adds an extension of .err.

--log-isam[=file_name]

Log all MyISAM changes to this file (used only when debugging MyISAM).

--log-long-format

Log extra information to the update log, binary update log, and slow query log, if they have been activated. For example, the user name and timestamp are logged for all queries. This option is deprecated, as it now represents the default logging behavior. (See the description for --log-short-format.) The --log-queries-not-using-indexes option is available for the purpose of logging queries that do not use indexes to the slow query log. --log-long-format is removed in MySQL 5.5.

--log-queries-not-using-indexes

If you are using this option with the slow query log enabled, queries that are expected to retrieve all rows are logged. See Section 5.2.4, “The Slow Query Log”. This option does not necessarily mean that no index is used. For example, a query that uses a full index scan uses an index but would be logged because the index would not limit the number of rows.

--log-short-format

Originally intended to log less information to the update log, binary log and slow query log, if they have been activated. However, this option is not operational.

--log-slow-admin-statements

Include slow administrative statements in the statements written to the slow query log. Administrative statements include ALTER TABLE, ANALYZE TABLE, CHECK TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, OPTIMIZE TABLE, and REPAIR TABLE.

--log-slow-queries[=file_name]

Log all queries that have taken more than long_query_time seconds to execute to this file. See Section 5.2.4, “The Slow Query Log”. See the descriptions of the --log-long-format and --log-short-format options for details.

--log-tc=file_name

The name of the memory-mapped transaction coordinator log file (for XA transactions that affect multiple storage engines when the binary log is disabled). The default name is tc.log. The file is created under the data directory if not given as a full path name. Currently, this option is unused. Added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--log-tc-size=size

The size in bytes of the memory-mapped transaction coordinator log. The default size is 24KB. Added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--log-warnings[=level], -W [level]

Print out warnings such as Aborted connection... to the error log. Enabling this option is recommended, for example, if you use replication (you get more information about what is happening, such as messages about network failures and reconnections). This option is enabled (1) by default, and the default level value if omitted is 1. To disable this option, use --log-warnings=0. If the value is greater than 1, aborted connections are written to the error log. See Section C.5.2.11, “Communication Errors and Aborted Connections”.

If a slave server was started with --log-warnings enabled, the slave prints messages to the error log to provide information about its status, such as the binary log and relay log coordinates where it starts its job, when it is switching to another relay log, when it reconnects after a disconnect, and so forth.

--low-priority-updates

Give table-modifying operations (INSERT, REPLACE, DELETE, UPDATE) lower priority than selects. This can also be done using {INSERT | REPLACE | DELETE | UPDATE} LOW_PRIORITY ... to lower the priority of only one query, or by SET LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES=1 to change the priority in one thread. This affects only storage engines that use only table-level locking (MyISAM, MEMORY, MERGE). See Section 8.7.2, “Table Locking Issues”.

--memlock

Lock the mysqld process in memory. This option might help if you have a problem where the operating system is causing mysqld to swap to disk.

--memlock works on systems that support the mlockall() system call; this includes Solaris, most Linux distributions that use a 2.4 or newer kernel, and perhaps other Unix systems. On Linux systems, you can tell whether or not mlockall() (and thus this option) is supported by checking to see whether or not it is defined in the system mman.h file, like this:

shell> grep mlockall /usr/include/sys/mman.h

If mlockall() is supported, you should see in the output of the previous command something like the following:

extern int mlockall (int __flags) __THROW;

--myisam-block-size=N

The block size to be used for MyISAM index pages.

--myisam-recover[=option[,option]...]]

Set the MyISAM storage engine recovery mode. The option value is any combination of the values of DEFAULT, BACKUP, FORCE, or QUICK. If you specify multiple values, separate them by commas. Specifying the option with no argument is the same as specifying DEFAULT, and specifying with an explicit value of "" disables recovery (same as not giving the option). If recovery is enabled, each time mysqld opens a MyISAM table, it checks whether the table is marked as crashed or was not closed properly. (The last option works only if you are running with external locking disabled.) If this is the case, mysqld runs a check on the table. If the table was corrupted, mysqld attempts to repair it.

The following options affect how the repair works.

Before the server automatically repairs a table, it writes a note about the repair to the error log. If you want to be able to recover from most problems without user intervention, you should use the options BACKUP,FORCE. This forces a repair of a table even if some rows would be deleted, but it keeps the old data file as a backup so that you can later examine what happened.

See Section 14.1.1, “MyISAM Startup Options”.

--old-style-user-limits

Enable old-style user limits. (Before MySQL 5.0.3, account resource limits were counted separately for each host from which a user connected rather than per account row in the user table.) See Section 6.3.4, “Setting Account Resource Limits”. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--one-thread

Only use one thread (for debugging under Linux). This option is available only if the server is built with debugging enabled. See MySQL Internals: Porting to Other Systems.

--open-files-limit=count

Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error Too many open files. mysqld uses the option value to reserve descriptors with setrlimit(). If the requested number of file descriptors cannot be allocated, mysqld writes a warning to the error log.

mysqld may attempt to allocate more than the requested number of descriptors (if they are available), using the values of max_connections and table_cache to estimate whether more descriptors will be needed.

On Unix, the value cannot be set less than ulimit -n.

--pid-file=path

The path name of the process ID file. The server creates the file in the data directory unless an absolute path name is given to specify a different directory. This file is used by other programs such as mysqld_safe to determine the server's process ID.

--port=port_num, -P port_num

The port number to use when listening for TCP/IP connections. The port number must be 1024 or higher unless the server is started by the root system user.

--port-open-timeout=num

On some systems, when the server is stopped, the TCP/IP port might not become available immediately. If the server is restarted quickly afterward, its attempt to reopen the port can fail. This option indicates how many seconds the server should wait for the TCP/IP port to become free if it cannot be opened. The default is not to wait. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.19.

--remove [service_name]

(Windows only) Remove a MySQL Windows service. The default service name is MySQL if no service_name value is given. For more information, see Section 2.10.4.7, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.

--safe-mode

Skip some optimization stages. This option is deprecated and is removed in MySQL 5.6.

--safe-show-database

This option is deprecated and does not do anything because there is a SHOW DATABASES privilege that can be used to control access to database names on a per-account basis. See Section 6.2.1, “Privileges Provided by MySQL”. --safe-show-database is removed in MySQL 5.5.

--safe-user-create

If this option is enabled, a user cannot create new MySQL users by using the GRANT statement unless the user has the INSERT privilege for the mysql.user table or any column in the table. If you want a user to have the ability to create new users that have those privileges that the user has the right to grant, you should grant the user the following privilege:

GRANT INSERT(user) ON mysql.user TO 'user_name'@'host_name';

This ensures that the user cannot change any privilege columns directly, but has to use the GRANT statement to give privileges to other users.

--secure-auth

This option causes the server to block connections by clients that attempt to use accounts that have passwords stored in the old (pre-4.1) format. Use it to prevent all use of passwords employing the old format (and hence insecure communication over the network).

Server startup fails with an error if this option is enabled and the privilege tables are in pre-4.1 format. See Section C.5.2.4, “Client does not support authentication protocol”.

The mysql client also has a --secure-auth option, which prevents connections to a server if the server requires a password in old format for the client account.

--secure-file-priv=path

This option limits the effect of the LOAD_FILE() function and the LOAD DATA and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE statements to work only with files in the specified directory.

This option was added in MySQL 5.0.38.

--shared-memory

Enable shared-memory connections by local clients. This option is available only on Windows.

--shared-memory-base-name=name

The name of shared memory to use for shared-memory connections. This option is available only on Windows. The default name is MYSQL. The name is case sensitive.

--skip-bdb

Disable the BDB storage engine. This saves memory and might speed up some operations. Do not use this option if you require BDB tables.

--skip-concurrent-insert

Turn off the ability to select and insert at the same time on MyISAM tables. (This is to be used only if you think you have found a bug in this feature.) See Section 8.7.3, “Concurrent Inserts”.

--skip-external-locking

Do not use external locking (system locking). This affects only MyISAM table access. For more information, including conditions under which it can and cannot be used, see Section 8.7.4, “External Locking”.

External locking has been disabled by default since MySQL 4.0.

--skip-grant-tables

This option causes the server to start without using the privilege system at all, which gives anyone with access to the server unrestricted access to all databases. You can cause a running server to start using the grant tables again by executing mysqladmin flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload command from a system shell, or by issuing a MySQL FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement after connecting to the server. This option also suppresses loading of user-defined functions (UDFs).

Note that FLUSH PRIVILEGES might be executed implicitly by other actions performed after startup. For example, mysql_upgrade flushes the privileges during the upgrade procedure.

This option is unavailable if MySQL was configured with the --disable-grant-options option. See Section 2.17.3, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”.

--skip-host-cache

Disable use of the internal host cache for faster name-to-IP resolution. In this case, the server performs a DNS lookup every time a client connects. See Section 8.9.8, “DNS Lookup Optimization and the Host Cache”.

--skip-innodb

Disable the InnoDB storage engine. In this case, the server will not start if the default storage engine is set to InnoDB. Use --default-storage-engine to set the default to some other engine if necessary.

--skip-merge

Disable the MERGE storage engine. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.24. It can be used if the following behavior is undesirable: If a user has access to MyISAM table t, that user can create a MERGE table m that accesses t. However, if the user's privileges on t are subsequently revoked, the user can continue to access t by doing so through m.

--skip-name-resolve

Do not resolve host names when checking client connections. Use only IP addresses. If you use this option, all Host column values in the grant tables must be IP addresses or localhost. See Section 8.9.8, “DNS Lookup Optimization and the Host Cache”.

--skip-networking

Do not listen for TCP/IP connections at all. All interaction with mysqld must be made using named pipes or shared memory (on Windows) or Unix socket files (on Unix). This option is highly recommended for systems where only local clients are permitted. See Section 8.9.8, “DNS Lookup Optimization and the Host Cache”.

--ssl*

Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to permit clients to connect using SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 6.3.6.4, “SSL Command Options”.

--standalone

Instructs the MySQL server not to run as a service.

--symbolic-links, --skip-symbolic-links

Enable or disable symbolic link support. This option has different effects on Windows and Unix:

--skip-safemalloc

If MySQL is configured with --with-debug=full, all MySQL programs check for memory overruns during each memory allocation and memory freeing operation. This checking is very slow, so for the server you can avoid it when you do not need it by using the --skip-safemalloc option.

--skip-show-database

This option sets the skip_show_database system variable that controls who is permitted to use the SHOW DATABASES statement. See Section 5.1.4, “Server System Variables”.

--skip-stack-trace

Do not write stack traces. This option is useful when you are running mysqld under a debugger. On some systems, you also must use this option to get a core file. See MySQL Internals: Porting to Other Systems.

--skip-thread-priority

Disable using thread priorities for faster response time.

mysqld makes a large number of invalid calls to thread scheduling routines on Linux. These calls do not affect performance noticeably but may be a source of “noise” for debugging tools. For example, they can overwhelm other information of more interest in kernel logs. To avoid these calls, start the server with the --skip-thread-priority option.

--socket=path

On Unix, this option specifies the Unix socket file to use when listening for local connections. The default value is /tmp/mysql.sock. If this option is given, the server creates the file in the data directory unless an absolute path name is given to specify a different directory. On Windows, the option specifies the pipe name to use when listening for local connections that use a named pipe. The default value is MySQL (not case sensitive).

--sql-mode=value[,value[,value...]]

Set the SQL mode. See Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”.

--sysdate-is-now

As of MySQL 5.0.12, SYSDATE() by default returns the time at which it executes, not the time at which the statement in which it occurs begins executing. This differs from the behavior of NOW(). This option causes SYSDATE() to be an alias for NOW(). For information about the implications for binary logging and replication, see the description for SYSDATE() in Section 12.7, “Date and Time Functions” and for SET TIMESTAMP in Section 5.1.4, “Server System Variables”.

This option was added in MySQL 5.0.20.

--tc-heuristic-recover={COMMIT|ROLLBACK}

The type of decision to use in the heuristic recovery process. Currently, this option is unused. Added in MySQL 5.0.3.

--temp-pool

This option causes most temporary files created by the server to use a small set of names, rather than a unique name for each new file. This works around a problem in the Linux kernel dealing with creating many new files with different names. With the old behavior, Linux seems to “leak” memory, because it is being allocated to the directory entry cache rather than to the disk cache.

--transaction-isolation=level

Sets the default transaction isolation level. The level value can be READ-UNCOMMITTED, READ-COMMITTED, REPEATABLE-READ, or SERIALIZABLE. See Section 13.3.6, “SET TRANSACTION Syntax”.

The default transaction isolation level can also be set at runtime using the SET TRANSACTION statement or by setting the tx_isolation system variable.

--tmpdir=path, -t path

The path of the directory to use for creating temporary files. It might be useful if your default /tmp directory resides on a partition that is too small to hold temporary tables. This option accepts several paths that are used in round-robin fashion. Paths should be separated by colon characters (“:”) on Unix and semicolon characters (“;”) on Windows, NetWare, and OS/2. If the MySQL server is acting as a replication slave, you should not set --tmpdir to point to a directory on a memory-based file system or to a directory that is cleared when the server host restarts. For more information about the storage location of temporary files, see Section C.5.4.4, “Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files”. A replication slave needs some of its temporary files to survive a machine restart so that it can replicate temporary tables or LOAD DATA INFILE operations. If files in the temporary file directory are lost when the server restarts, replication fails.

--user={user_name|user_id}, -u {user_name|user_id}

Run the mysqld server as the user having the name user_name or the numeric user ID user_id. (“User” in this context refers to a system login account, not a MySQL user listed in the grant tables.)

This option is mandatory when starting mysqld as root. The server changes its user ID during its startup sequence, causing it to run as that particular user rather than as root. See Section 6.1.1, “Security Guidelines”.

To avoid a possible security hole where a user adds a --user=root option to a my.cnf file (thus causing the server to run as root), mysqld uses only the first --user option specified and produces a warning if there are multiple --user options. Options in /etc/my.cnf and $MYSQL_HOME/my.cnf are processed before command-line options, so it is recommended that you put a --user option in /etc/my.cnf and specify a value other than root. The option in /etc/my.cnf is found before any other --user options, which ensures that the server runs as a user other than root, and that a warning results if any other --user option is found.

--verbose, -v

Use this option with the --help option for detailed help.

--version, -V

Display version information and exit.