12.3.7 The National Character Set

Standard SQL defines NCHAR or NATIONAL CHAR as a way to indicate that a CHAR column should use some predefined character set. MySQL uses utf8 as this predefined character set. For example, these data type declarations are equivalent:

CHAR(10) CHARACTER SET utf8
NATIONAL CHARACTER(10)
NCHAR(10)

As are these:

VARCHAR(10) CHARACTER SET utf8
NATIONAL VARCHAR(10)
NVARCHAR(10)
NCHAR VARCHAR(10)
NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING(10)
NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(10)

You can use N'literal' (or n'literal') to create a string in the national character set. These statements are equivalent:

SELECT N'some text';
SELECT n'some text';
SELECT _utf8'some text';

MySQL 9.1 interprets the national character set as utf8mb3, which is now deprecated. Thus, using NATIONAL CHARACTER or one of its synonyms to define the character set for a database, table, or column raises a warning similar to this one:

NATIONAL/NCHAR/NVARCHAR implies the character set UTF8MB3, which will be
replaced by UTF8MB4 in a future release. Please consider using CHAR(x) CHARACTER
SET UTF8MB4 in order to be unambiguous.