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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual  /  The InnoDB Storage Engine  /  InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

17.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

  • System variables that are true or false can be enabled at server startup by naming them, or disabled by using a --skip- prefix. For example, to enable or disable the InnoDB adaptive hash index, you can use --innodb-adaptive-hash-index or --skip-innodb-adaptive-hash-index on the command line, or innodb_adaptive_hash_index or skip_innodb_adaptive_hash_index in an option file.

  • Some variable descriptions refer to enabling or disabling a variable. These variables can be enabled with the SET statement by setting them to ON or 1, or disabled by setting them to OFF or 0. Boolean variables can be set at startup to the values ON, TRUE, OFF, and FALSE (not case-sensitive), as well as 1 and 0. See Section 6.2.2.4, “Program Option Modifiers”.

  • System variables that take a numeric value can be specified as --var_name=value on the command line or as var_name=value in option files.

  • Many system variables can be changed at runtime (see Section 7.1.9.2, “Dynamic System Variables”).

  • For information about GLOBAL and SESSION variable scope modifiers, refer to the SET statement documentation.

  • Certain options control the locations and layout of the InnoDB data files. Section 17.8.1, “InnoDB Startup Configuration” explains how to use these options.

  • Some options, which you might not use initially, help tune InnoDB performance characteristics based on machine capacity and your database workload.

  • For more information on specifying options and system variables, see Section 6.2.2, “Specifying Program Options”.

Table 17.24 InnoDB Option and Variable Reference

Name Cmd-Line Option File System Var Status Var Var Scope Dynamic
daemon_memcached_enable_binlog Yes Yes Yes Global No
daemon_memcached_engine_lib_name Yes Yes Yes Global No
daemon_memcached_engine_lib_path Yes Yes Yes Global No
daemon_memcached_option Yes Yes Yes Global No
daemon_memcached_r_batch_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
daemon_memcached_w_batch_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
foreign_key_checks Yes Both Yes
innodb Yes Yes
innodb_adaptive_flushing Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_adaptive_flushing_lwm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_adaptive_hash_index Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_adaptive_hash_index_parts Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_api_bk_commit_interval Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_api_disable_rowlock Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_api_enable_binlog Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_api_enable_mdl Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_api_trx_level Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_autoextend_increment Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_background_drop_list_empty Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_data Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_dirty Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_debug Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_buffer_pool_dump_status Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_filename Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_buffer_pool_in_core_file Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_buffer_pool_instances Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_load_abort Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_load_now Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_buffer_pool_load_status Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_data Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_dirty Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_flushed Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_free Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_latched Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_misc Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_total Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_evicted Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_rnd Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_reads Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_resize_status Yes Global No
innodb_buffer_pool_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_buffer_pool_wait_free Yes Global No
Innodb_buffer_pool_write_requests Yes Global No
innodb_change_buffer_max_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_change_buffering Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_change_buffering_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_checkpoint_disabled Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_checksum_algorithm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_cmp_per_index_enabled Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_commit_concurrency Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_compress_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_compression_failure_threshold_pct Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_compression_level Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_compression_pad_pct_max Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_concurrency_tickets Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_data_file_path Yes Yes Yes Global No
Innodb_data_fsyncs Yes Global No
innodb_data_home_dir Yes Yes Yes Global No
Innodb_data_pending_fsyncs Yes Global No
Innodb_data_pending_reads Yes Global No
Innodb_data_pending_writes Yes Global No
Innodb_data_read Yes Global No
Innodb_data_reads Yes Global No
Innodb_data_writes Yes Global No
Innodb_data_written Yes Global No
Innodb_dblwr_pages_written Yes Global No
Innodb_dblwr_writes Yes Global No
innodb_ddl_buffer_size Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_ddl_log_crash_reset_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ddl_threads Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_deadlock_detect Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_dedicated_server Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_default_row_format Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_directories Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_disable_sort_file_cache Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_doublewrite Yes Yes Yes Global Varies
innodb_doublewrite_batch_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_doublewrite_dir Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_doublewrite_files Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_doublewrite_pages Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_fast_shutdown Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_file_per_table Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_fill_factor Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_flush_log_at_timeout Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_flush_method Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_flush_neighbors Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_flush_sync Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_flushing_avg_loops Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_force_load_corrupted Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_force_recovery Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_fsync_threshold Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_aux_table Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_cache_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_ft_enable_diag_print Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_enable_stopword Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_ft_max_token_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_ft_min_token_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_ft_num_word_optimize Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_result_cache_limit Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_server_stopword_table Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_ft_sort_pll_degree Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_ft_total_cache_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_ft_user_stopword_table Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
Innodb_have_atomic_builtins Yes Global No
innodb_idle_flush_pct Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_io_capacity Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_io_capacity_max Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_limit_optimistic_insert_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_lock_wait_timeout Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_log_buffer_size Yes Yes Yes Global Varies
innodb_log_checkpoint_fuzzy_now Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_checkpoint_now Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_checksums Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_compressed_pages Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_file_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_log_files_in_group Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_log_group_home_dir Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_log_spin_cpu_abs_lwm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_spin_cpu_pct_hwm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_log_wait_for_flush_spin_hwm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_log_waits Yes Global No
innodb_log_write_ahead_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_log_write_requests Yes Global No
innodb_log_writer_threads Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_log_writes Yes Global No
innodb_lru_scan_depth Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct_lwm Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_max_purge_lag Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_max_purge_lag_delay Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_max_undo_log_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_merge_threshold_set_all_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_monitor_disable Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_monitor_enable Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_monitor_reset Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_monitor_reset_all Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_num_open_files Yes Global No
innodb_numa_interleave Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_old_blocks_pct Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_old_blocks_time Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_online_alter_log_max_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_open_files Yes Yes Yes Global Varies
innodb_optimize_fulltext_only Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_os_log_fsyncs Yes Global No
Innodb_os_log_pending_fsyncs Yes Global No
Innodb_os_log_pending_writes Yes Global No
Innodb_os_log_written Yes Global No
innodb_page_cleaners Yes Yes Yes Global No
Innodb_page_size Yes Global No
innodb_page_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
Innodb_pages_created Yes Global No
Innodb_pages_read Yes Global No
Innodb_pages_written Yes Global No
innodb_parallel_read_threads Yes Yes Yes Session Yes
innodb_print_all_deadlocks Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_print_ddl_logs Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_purge_batch_size Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_purge_threads Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_random_read_ahead Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_read_ahead_threshold Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_read_io_threads Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_read_only Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_redo_log_archive_dirs Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_redo_log_capacity Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_redo_log_capacity_resized Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_checkpoint_lsn Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_current_lsn Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_enabled Yes Global No
innodb_redo_log_encrypt Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_redo_log_flushed_to_disk_lsn Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_logical_size Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_physical_size Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_read_only Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_resize_status Yes Global No
Innodb_redo_log_uuid Yes Global No
innodb_replication_delay Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_rollback_on_timeout Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_rollback_segments Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_row_lock_current_waits Yes Global No
Innodb_row_lock_time Yes Global No
Innodb_row_lock_time_avg Yes Global No
Innodb_row_lock_time_max Yes Global No
Innodb_row_lock_waits Yes Global No
Innodb_rows_deleted Yes Global No
Innodb_rows_inserted Yes Global No
Innodb_rows_read Yes Global No
Innodb_rows_updated Yes Global No
innodb_saved_page_number_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_segment_reserve_factor Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_sort_buffer_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_spin_wait_delay Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_spin_wait_pause_multiplier Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_auto_recalc Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_include_delete_marked Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_method Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_on_metadata Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_persistent Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb-status-file Yes Yes
innodb_status_output Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_status_output_locks Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_strict_mode Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_sync_array_size Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_sync_debug Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_sync_spin_loops Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
Innodb_system_rows_deleted Yes Global No
Innodb_system_rows_inserted Yes Global No
Innodb_system_rows_read Yes Global No
innodb_table_locks Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
innodb_temp_data_file_path Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_temp_tablespaces_dir Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_thread_concurrency Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_thread_sleep_delay Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_tmpdir Yes Yes Yes Both Yes
Innodb_truncated_status_writes Yes Global No
innodb_trx_purge_view_update_only_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_trx_rseg_n_slots_debug Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_undo_directory Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_undo_log_encrypt Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_undo_log_truncate Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_undo_tablespaces Yes Yes Yes Global Varies
Innodb_undo_tablespaces_active Yes Global No
Innodb_undo_tablespaces_explicit Yes Global No
Innodb_undo_tablespaces_implicit Yes Global No
Innodb_undo_tablespaces_total Yes Global No
innodb_use_fdatasync Yes Yes Yes Global Yes
innodb_use_native_aio Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_validate_tablespace_paths Yes Yes Yes Global No
innodb_version Yes Global No
innodb_write_io_threads Yes Yes Yes Global No
unique_checks Yes Both Yes

InnoDB Command Options

  • --innodb[=value]

    Command-Line Format --innodb[=value]
    Deprecated Yes
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value ON
    Valid Values

    OFF

    ON

    FORCE

    Controls loading of the InnoDB storage engine, if the server was compiled with InnoDB support. This option has a tristate format, with possible values of OFF, ON, or FORCE. See Section 7.6.1, “Installing and Uninstalling Plugins”.

    To disable InnoDB, use --innodb=OFF or --skip-innodb. In this case, because the default storage engine is InnoDB, the server does not start unless you also use --default-storage-engine and --default-tmp-storage-engine to set the default to some other engine for both permanent and TEMPORARY tables.

    The InnoDB storage engine can no longer be disabled, and the --innodb=OFF and --skip-innodb options are deprecated and have no effect. Their use results in a warning. Expect these options to be removed in a future MySQL release.

  • --innodb-status-file

    Command-Line Format --innodb-status-file[={OFF|ON}]
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    The --innodb-status-file startup option controls whether InnoDB creates a file named innodb_status.pid in the data directory and writes SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output to it every 15 seconds, approximately.

    The innodb_status.pid file is not created by default. To create it, start mysqld with the --innodb-status-file option. InnoDB removes the file when the server is shut down normally. If an abnormal shutdown occurs, the status file may have to be removed manually.

    The --innodb-status-file option is intended for temporary use, as SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output generation can affect performance, and the innodb_status.pid file can become quite large over time.

    For related information, see Section 17.17.2, “Enabling InnoDB Monitors”.

  • --skip-innodb

    Disable the InnoDB storage engine. See the description of --innodb.

InnoDB System Variables

  • daemon_memcached_enable_binlog

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-enable-binlog[={OFF|ON}]
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_enable_binlog
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enable this option on the source server to use the InnoDB memcached plugin (daemon_memcached) with the MySQL binary log. This option can only be set at server startup. You must also enable the MySQL binary log on the source server using the --log-bin option.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.7, “The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication”.

  • daemon_memcached_engine_lib_name

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-engine-lib-name=file_name
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_engine_lib_name
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type File name
    Default Value innodb_engine.so

    Specifies the shared library that implements the InnoDB memcached plugin.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.3, “Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • daemon_memcached_engine_lib_path

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-engine-lib-path=dir_name
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_engine_lib_path
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name
    Default Value NULL

    The path of the directory containing the shared library that implements the InnoDB memcached plugin. The default value is NULL, representing the MySQL plugin directory. You should not need to modify this parameter unless specifying a memcached plugin for a different storage engine that is located outside of the MySQL plugin directory.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.3, “Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • daemon_memcached_option

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-option=options
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_option
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value

    Used to pass space-separated memcached options to the underlying memcached memory object caching daemon on startup. For example, you might change the port that memcached listens on, reduce the maximum number of simultaneous connections, change the maximum memory size for a key-value pair, or enable debugging messages for the error log.

    See Section 17.20.3, “Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin” for usage details. For information about memcached options, refer to the memcached man page.

  • daemon_memcached_r_batch_size

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-r-batch-size=#
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_r_batch_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1073741824

    Specifies how many memcached read operations (get operations) to perform before doing a COMMIT to start a new transaction. Counterpart of daemon_memcached_w_batch_size.

    This value is set to 1 by default, so that any changes made to the table through SQL statements are immediately visible to memcached operations. You might increase it to reduce the overhead from frequent commits on a system where the underlying table is only being accessed through the memcached interface. If you set the value too large, the amount of undo or redo data could impose some storage overhead, as with any long-running transaction.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.3, “Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • daemon_memcached_w_batch_size

    Command-Line Format --daemon-memcached-w-batch-size=#
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable daemon_memcached_w_batch_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1048576

    Specifies how many memcached write operations, such as add, set, and incr, to perform before doing a COMMIT to start a new transaction. Counterpart of daemon_memcached_r_batch_size.

    This value is set to 1 by default, on the assumption that data being stored is important to preserve in case of an outage and should immediately be committed. When storing non-critical data, you might increase this value to reduce the overhead from frequent commits; but then the last N-1 uncommitted write operations could be lost if an unexpected exit occurs.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.3, “Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • innodb_adaptive_flushing

    Command-Line Format --innodb-adaptive-flushing[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_adaptive_flushing
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies whether to dynamically adjust the rate of flushing dirty pages in the InnoDB buffer pool based on the workload. Adjusting the flush rate dynamically is intended to avoid bursts of I/O activity. This setting is enabled by default. See Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing” for more information. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_adaptive_flushing_lwm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-adaptive-flushing-lwm=#
    System Variable innodb_adaptive_flushing_lwm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 10
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 70

    Defines the low water mark representing percentage of redo log capacity at which adaptive flushing is enabled. For more information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”.

  • innodb_adaptive_hash_index

    Command-Line Format --innodb-adaptive-hash-index[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_adaptive_hash_index
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Whether the InnoDB adaptive hash index is enabled or disabled. It may be desirable, depending on your workload, to dynamically enable or disable adaptive hash indexing to improve query performance. Because the adaptive hash index may not be useful for all workloads, conduct benchmarks with it both enabled and disabled, using realistic workloads. See Section 17.5.3, “Adaptive Hash Index” for details.

    This variable is enabled by default. You can modify this parameter using the SET GLOBAL statement, without restarting the server. Changing the setting at runtime requires privileges sufficient to set global system variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”. You can also use --skip-innodb-adaptive-hash-index at server startup to disable it.

    Disabling the adaptive hash index empties the hash table immediately. Normal operations can continue while the hash table is emptied, and executing queries that were using the hash table access the index B-trees directly instead. When the adaptive hash index is re-enabled, the hash table is populated again during normal operation.

  • innodb_adaptive_hash_index_parts

    Command-Line Format --innodb-adaptive-hash-index-parts=#
    System Variable innodb_adaptive_hash_index_parts
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Numeric
    Default Value 8
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 512

    Partitions the adaptive hash index search system. Each index is bound to a specific partition, with each partition protected by a separate latch.

    The adaptive hash index search system is partitioned into 8 parts by default. The maximum setting is 512.

    For related information, see Section 17.5.3, “Adaptive Hash Index”.

  • innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay

    Command-Line Format --innodb-adaptive-max-sleep-delay=#
    System Variable innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 150000
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 1000000
    Unit microseconds

    Permits InnoDB to automatically adjust the value of innodb_thread_sleep_delay up or down according to the current workload. Any nonzero value enables automated, dynamic adjustment of the innodb_thread_sleep_delay value, up to the maximum value specified in the innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay option. The value represents the number of microseconds. This option can be useful in busy systems, with greater than 16 InnoDB threads. (In practice, it is most valuable for MySQL systems with hundreds or thousands of simultaneous connections.)

    For more information, see Section 17.8.4, “Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB”.

  • innodb_api_bk_commit_interval

    Command-Line Format --innodb-api-bk-commit-interval=#
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_api_bk_commit_interval
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 5
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1073741824
    Unit seconds

    How often to auto-commit idle connections that use the InnoDB memcached interface, in seconds. For more information, see Section 17.20.6.4, “Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • innodb_api_disable_rowlock

    Command-Line Format --innodb-api-disable-rowlock[={OFF|ON}]
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_api_disable_rowlock
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Use this option to disable row locks when InnoDB memcached performs DML operations. By default, innodb_api_disable_rowlock is disabled, which means that memcached requests row locks for get and set operations. When innodb_api_disable_rowlock is enabled, memcached requests a table lock instead of row locks.

    innodb_api_disable_rowlock is not dynamic. It must be specified on the mysqld command line or entered in the MySQL configuration file. Configuration takes effect when the plugin is installed, which occurs when the MySQL server is started.

    For more information, see Section 17.20.6.4, “Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • innodb_api_enable_binlog

    Command-Line Format --innodb-api-enable-binlog[={OFF|ON}]
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_api_enable_binlog
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Lets you use the InnoDB memcached plugin with the MySQL binary log. For more information, see Enabling the InnoDB memcached Binary Log.

  • innodb_api_enable_mdl

    Command-Line Format --innodb-api-enable-mdl[={OFF|ON}]
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_api_enable_mdl
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Locks the table used by the InnoDB memcached plugin, so that it cannot be dropped or altered by DDL through the SQL interface. For more information, see Section 17.20.6.4, “Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • innodb_api_trx_level

    Command-Line Format --innodb-api-trx-level=#
    Deprecated 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_api_trx_level
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 3

    Controls the transaction isolation level on queries processed by the memcached interface. The constants corresponding to the familiar names are:

    For more information, see Section 17.20.6.4, “Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin”.

  • innodb_autoextend_increment

    Command-Line Format --innodb-autoextend-increment=#
    System Variable innodb_autoextend_increment
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 64
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1000
    Unit megabytes

    The increment size (in megabytes) for extending the size of an auto-extending InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full. The default value is 64. For related information, see System Tablespace Data File Configuration, and Resizing the System Tablespace.

    The innodb_autoextend_increment setting does not affect file-per-table tablespace files or general tablespace files. These files are auto-extending regardless of the innodb_autoextend_increment setting. The initial extensions are by small amounts, after which extensions occur in increments of 4MB.

  • innodb_autoinc_lock_mode

    Command-Line Format --innodb-autoinc-lock-mode=#
    System Variable innodb_autoinc_lock_mode
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2
    Valid Values

    0

    1

    2

    The lock mode to use for generating auto-increment values. Permissible values are 0, 1, or 2, for traditional, consecutive, or interleaved, respectively.

    The default setting is 2 (interleaved) as of MySQL 8.0, and 1 (consecutive) before that. The change to interleaved lock mode as the default setting reflects the change from statement-based to row-based replication as the default replication type, which occurred in MySQL 5.7. Statement-based replication requires the consecutive auto-increment lock mode to ensure that auto-increment values are assigned in a predictable and repeatable order for a given sequence of SQL statements, whereas row-based replication is not sensitive to the execution order of SQL statements.

    For the characteristics of each lock mode, see InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT Lock Modes.

  • innodb_background_drop_list_empty

    Command-Line Format --innodb-background-drop-list-empty[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_background_drop_list_empty
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enabling the innodb_background_drop_list_empty debug option helps avoid test case failures by delaying table creation until the background drop list is empty. For example, if test case A places table t1 on the background drop list, test case B waits until the background drop list is empty before creating table t1.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-chunk-size=#
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 134217728
    Minimum Value 1048576
    Maximum Value innodb_buffer_pool_size / innodb_buffer_pool_instances
    Unit bytes

    innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size defines the chunk size for InnoDB buffer pool resizing operations.

    To avoid copying all buffer pool pages during resizing operations, the operation is performed in chunks. By default, innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size is 128MB (134217728 bytes). The number of pages contained in a chunk depends on the value of innodb_page_size. innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size can be increased or decreased in units of 1MB (1048576 bytes).

    The following conditions apply when altering the innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size value:

    Important

    Care should be taken when changing innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size, as changing this value can automatically increase the size of the buffer pool. Before changing innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size, calculate its effect on innodb_buffer_pool_size to ensure that the resulting buffer pool size is acceptable.

    To avoid potential performance issues, the number of chunks (innodb_buffer_pool_size / innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size) should not exceed 1000.

    The innodb_buffer_pool_size variable is dynamic, which permits resizing the buffer pool while the server is online. However, the buffer pool size must be equal to or a multiple of innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size * innodb_buffer_pool_instances, and changing either of those variable settings requires restarting the server.

    See Section 17.8.3.1, “Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Size” for more information.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-debug[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enabling this option permits multiple buffer pool instances when the buffer pool is less than 1GB in size, ignoring the 1GB minimum buffer pool size constraint imposed on innodb_buffer_pool_instances. The innodb_buffer_pool_debug option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-dump-at-shutdown[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies whether to record the pages cached in the InnoDB buffer pool when the MySQL server is shut down, to shorten the warmup process at the next restart. Typically used in combination with innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup. The innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct option defines the percentage of most recently used buffer pool pages to dump.

    Both innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown and innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup are enabled by default.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-dump-now[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Immediately makes a record of pages cached in the InnoDB buffer pool. Typically used in combination with innodb_buffer_pool_load_now.

    Enabling innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now triggers the recording action but does not alter the variable setting, which always remains OFF or 0. To view buffer pool dump status after triggering a dump, query the Innodb_buffer_pool_dump_status variable.

    Enabling innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now triggers the dump action but does not alter the variable setting, which always remains OFF or 0. To view buffer pool dump status after triggering a dump, query the Innodb_buffer_pool_dump_status variable.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-dump-pct=#
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 25
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 100

    Specifies the percentage of the most recently used pages for each buffer pool to read out and dump. The range is 1 to 100. The default value is 25. For example, if there are 4 buffer pools with 100 pages each, and innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct is set to 25, the 25 most recently used pages from each buffer pool are dumped.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_filename

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-filename=file_name
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_filename
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type File name
    Default Value ib_buffer_pool

    Specifies the name of the file that holds the list of tablespace IDs and page IDs produced by innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown or innodb_buffer_pool_dump_now. Tablespace IDs and page IDs are saved in the following format: space, page_id. By default, the file is named ib_buffer_pool and is located in the InnoDB data directory. A non-default location must be specified relative to the data directory.

    A file name can be specified at runtime, using a SET statement:

    SET GLOBAL innodb_buffer_pool_filename='file_name';

    You can also specify a file name at startup, in a startup string or MySQL configuration file. When specifying a file name at startup, the file must exist or InnoDB returns a startup error indicating that there is no such file or directory.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_in_core_file

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-in-core-file[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.14
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_in_core_file
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Disabling the innodb_buffer_pool_in_core_file variable reduces the size of core files by excluding InnoDB buffer pool pages. To use this variable, the core_file variable must be enabled and the operating system must support the MADV_DONTDUMP non-POSIX extension to madvise(), which is supported in Linux 3.4 and later. For more information, see Section 17.8.3.7, “Excluding Buffer Pool Pages from Core Files”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_instances

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-instances=#
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_instances
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value (Windows, 32-bit platforms) (autosized)
    Default Value (Other) 8 (or 1 if innodb_buffer_pool_size < 1GB)
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 64

    The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into. For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency, by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. Each page that is stored in or read from the buffer pool is assigned to one of the buffer pool instances randomly, using a hashing function. Each buffer pool manages its own free lists, flush lists, LRUs, and all other data structures connected to a buffer pool, and is protected by its own buffer pool mutex.

    This option only takes effect when setting innodb_buffer_pool_size to 1GB or more. The total buffer pool size is divided among all the buffer pools. For best efficiency, specify a combination of innodb_buffer_pool_instances and innodb_buffer_pool_size so that each buffer pool instance is at least 1GB.

    The default value on 32-bit Windows systems depends on the value of innodb_buffer_pool_size, as described below:

    • If innodb_buffer_pool_size is greater than 1.3GB, the default for innodb_buffer_pool_instances is innodb_buffer_pool_size/128MB, with individual memory allocation requests for each chunk. 1.3GB was chosen as the boundary at which there is significant risk for 32-bit Windows to be unable to allocate the contiguous address space needed for a single buffer pool.

    • Otherwise, the default is 1.

    On all other platforms, the default value is 8 when innodb_buffer_pool_size is greater than or equal to 1GB. Otherwise, the default is 1.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.3.1, “Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Size”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_load_abort

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-load-abort[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_load_abort
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Interrupts the process of restoring InnoDB buffer pool contents triggered by innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup or innodb_buffer_pool_load_now.

    Enabling innodb_buffer_pool_load_abort triggers the abort action but does not alter the variable setting, which always remains OFF or 0. To view buffer pool load status after triggering an abort action, query the Innodb_buffer_pool_load_status variable.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-load-at-startup[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies that, on MySQL server startup, the InnoDB buffer pool is automatically warmed up by loading the same pages it held at an earlier time. Typically used in combination with innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown.

    Both innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown and innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup are enabled by default.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_load_now

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-load-now[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_load_now
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Immediately warms up the InnoDB buffer pool by loading data pages without waiting for a server restart. Can be useful to bring cache memory back to a known state during benchmarking or to ready the MySQL server to resume its normal workload after running queries for reports or maintenance.

    Enabling innodb_buffer_pool_load_now triggers the load action but does not alter the variable setting, which always remains OFF or 0. To view buffer pool load progress after triggering a load, query the Innodb_buffer_pool_load_status variable.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

  • innodb_buffer_pool_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-buffer-pool-size=#
    System Variable innodb_buffer_pool_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 134217728
    Minimum Value 5242880
    Maximum Value (64-bit platforms) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms) 2**32-1
    Unit bytes

    The size in bytes of the buffer pool, the memory area where InnoDB caches table and index data. The default value is 134217728 bytes (128MB). The maximum value depends on the CPU architecture; the maximum is 4294967295 (232-1) on 32-bit systems and 18446744073709551615 (264-1) on 64-bit systems. On 32-bit systems, the CPU architecture and operating system may impose a lower practical maximum size than the stated maximum. When the size of the buffer pool is greater than 1GB, setting innodb_buffer_pool_instances to a value greater than 1 can improve the scalability on a busy server.

    A larger buffer pool requires less disk I/O to access the same table data more than once. On a dedicated database server, you might set the buffer pool size to 80% of the machine's physical memory size. Be aware of the following potential issues when configuring buffer pool size, and be prepared to scale back the size of the buffer pool if necessary.

    • Competition for physical memory can cause paging in the operating system.

    • InnoDB reserves additional memory for buffers and control structures, so that the total allocated space is approximately 10% greater than the specified buffer pool size.

    • Address space for the buffer pool must be contiguous, which can be an issue on Windows systems with DLLs that load at specific addresses.

    • The time to initialize the buffer pool is roughly proportional to its size. On instances with large buffer pools, initialization time might be significant. To reduce the initialization period, you can save the buffer pool state at server shutdown and restore it at server startup. See Section 17.8.3.6, “Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State”.

    When you increase or decrease buffer pool size, the operation is performed in chunks. Chunk size is defined by the innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size variable, which has a default of 128 MB.

    Buffer pool size must always be equal to or a multiple of innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size * innodb_buffer_pool_instances. If you alter the buffer pool size to a value that is not equal to or a multiple of innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size * innodb_buffer_pool_instances, buffer pool size is automatically adjusted to a value that is equal to or a multiple of innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size * innodb_buffer_pool_instances.

    innodb_buffer_pool_size can be set dynamically, which allows you to resize the buffer pool without restarting the server. The Innodb_buffer_pool_resize_status status variable reports the status of online buffer pool resizing operations. See Section 17.8.3.1, “Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Size” for more information.

    If innodb_dedicated_server is enabled, the innodb_buffer_pool_size value is automatically configured if it is not explicitly defined. For more information, see Section 17.8.12, “Enabling Automatic Configuration for a Dedicated MySQL Server”.

  • innodb_change_buffer_max_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-change-buffer-max-size=#
    System Variable innodb_change_buffer_max_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 25
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 50

    Maximum size for the InnoDB change buffer, as a percentage of the total size of the buffer pool. You might increase this value for a MySQL server with heavy insert, update, and delete activity, or decrease it for a MySQL server with unchanging data used for reporting. For more information, see Section 17.5.2, “Change Buffer”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_change_buffering

    Command-Line Format --innodb-change-buffering=value
    System Variable innodb_change_buffering
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value all
    Valid Values

    none

    inserts

    deletes

    changes

    purges

    all

    Whether InnoDB performs change buffering, an optimization that delays write operations to secondary indexes so that the I/O operations can be performed sequentially. Permitted values are described in the following table. Values may also be specified numerically.

    Table 17.25 Permitted Values for innodb_change_buffering

    Value Numeric Value Description
    none 0 Do not buffer any operations.
    inserts 1 Buffer insert operations.
    deletes 2 Buffer delete marking operations; strictly speaking, the writes that mark index records for later deletion during a purge operation.
    changes 3 Buffer inserts and delete-marking operations.
    purges 4 Buffer the physical deletion operations that happen in the background.
    all 5 The default. Buffer inserts, delete-marking operations, and purges.

    For more information, see Section 17.5.2, “Change Buffer”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_change_buffering_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-change-buffering-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_change_buffering_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2

    Sets a debug flag for InnoDB change buffering. A value of 1 forces all changes to the change buffer. A value of 2 causes an unexpected exit at merge. A default value of 0 indicates that the change buffering debug flag is not set. This option is only available when debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_checkpoint_disabled

    Command-Line Format --innodb-checkpoint-disabled[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_checkpoint_disabled
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    This is a debug option that is only intended for expert debugging use. It disables checkpoints so that a deliberate server exit always initiates InnoDB recovery. It should only be enabled for a short interval, typically before running DML operations that write redo log entries that would require recovery following a server exit. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_checksum_algorithm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-checksum-algorithm=value
    System Variable innodb_checksum_algorithm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value crc32
    Valid Values

    crc32

    strict_crc32

    innodb

    strict_innodb

    none

    strict_none

    Specifies how to generate and verify the checksum stored in the disk blocks of InnoDB tablespaces. The default value for innodb_checksum_algorithm is crc32.

    Versions of MySQL Enterprise Backup up to 3.8.0 do not support backing up tablespaces that use CRC32 checksums. MySQL Enterprise Backup adds CRC32 checksum support in 3.8.1, with some limitations. Refer to the MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.8.1 Change History for more information.

    The value innodb is backward-compatible with earlier versions of MySQL. The value crc32 uses an algorithm that is faster to compute the checksum for every modified block, and to check the checksums for each disk read. It scans blocks 64 bits at a time, which is faster than the innodb checksum algorithm, which scans blocks 8 bits at a time. The value none writes a constant value in the checksum field rather than computing a value based on the block data. The blocks in a tablespace can use a mix of old, new, and no checksum values, being updated gradually as the data is modified; once blocks in a tablespace are modified to use the crc32 algorithm, the associated tables cannot be read by earlier versions of MySQL.

    The strict form of a checksum algorithm reports an error if it encounters a valid but non-matching checksum value in a tablespace. It is recommended that you only use strict settings in a new instance, to set up tablespaces for the first time. Strict settings are somewhat faster, because they do not need to compute all checksum values during disk reads.

    The following table shows the difference between the none, innodb, and crc32 option values, and their strict counterparts. none, innodb, and crc32 write the specified type of checksum value into each data block, but for compatibility accept other checksum values when verifying a block during a read operation. Strict settings also accept valid checksum values but print an error message when a valid non-matching checksum value is encountered. Using the strict form can make verification faster if all InnoDB data files in an instance are created under an identical innodb_checksum_algorithm value.

    Table 17.26 Permitted innodb_checksum_algorithm Values

    Value Generated checksum (when writing) Permitted checksums (when reading)
    none A constant number. Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32.
    innodb A checksum calculated in software, using the original algorithm from InnoDB. Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32.
    crc32 A checksum calculated using the crc32 algorithm, possibly done with a hardware assist. Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32.
    strict_none A constant number Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32. InnoDB prints an error message if a valid but non-matching checksum is encountered.
    strict_innodb A checksum calculated in software, using the original algorithm from InnoDB. Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32. InnoDB prints an error message if a valid but non-matching checksum is encountered.
    strict_crc32 A checksum calculated using the crc32 algorithm, possibly done with a hardware assist. Any of the checksums generated by none, innodb, or crc32. InnoDB prints an error message if a valid but non-matching checksum is encountered.

  • innodb_cmp_per_index_enabled

    Command-Line Format --innodb-cmp-per-index-enabled[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_cmp_per_index_enabled
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables per-index compression-related statistics in the Information Schema INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX table. Because these statistics can be expensive to gather, only enable this option on development, test, or replica instances during performance tuning related to InnoDB compressed tables.

    For more information, see Section 28.4.8, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables”, and Section 17.9.1.4, “Monitoring InnoDB Table Compression at Runtime”.

  • innodb_commit_concurrency

    Command-Line Format --innodb-commit-concurrency=#
    System Variable innodb_commit_concurrency
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 1000

    The number of threads that can commit at the same time. A value of 0 (the default) permits any number of transactions to commit simultaneously.

    The value of innodb_commit_concurrency cannot be changed at runtime from zero to nonzero or vice versa. The value can be changed from one nonzero value to another.

  • innodb_compress_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-compress-debug=value
    System Variable innodb_compress_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value none
    Valid Values

    none

    zlib

    lz4

    lz4hc

    Compresses all tables using a specified compression algorithm without having to define a COMPRESSION attribute for each table. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

    For related information, see Section 17.9.2, “InnoDB Page Compression”.

  • innodb_compression_failure_threshold_pct

    Command-Line Format --innodb-compression-failure-threshold-pct=#
    System Variable innodb_compression_failure_threshold_pct
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 5
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 100

    Defines the compression failure rate threshold for a table, as a percentage, at which point MySQL begins adding padding within compressed pages to avoid expensive compression failures. When this threshold is passed, MySQL begins to leave additional free space within each new compressed page, dynamically adjusting the amount of free space up to the percentage of page size specified by innodb_compression_pad_pct_max. A value of zero disables the mechanism that monitors compression efficiency and dynamically adjusts the padding amount.

    For more information, see Section 17.9.1.6, “Compression for OLTP Workloads”.

  • innodb_compression_level

    Command-Line Format --innodb-compression-level=#
    System Variable innodb_compression_level
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 6
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 9

    Specifies the level of zlib compression to use for InnoDB compressed tables and indexes. A higher value lets you fit more data onto a storage device, at the expense of more CPU overhead during compression. A lower value lets you reduce CPU overhead when storage space is not critical, or you expect the data is not especially compressible.

    For more information, see Section 17.9.1.6, “Compression for OLTP Workloads”.

  • innodb_compression_pad_pct_max

    Command-Line Format --innodb-compression-pad-pct-max=#
    System Variable innodb_compression_pad_pct_max
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 75

    Specifies the maximum percentage that can be reserved as free space within each compressed page, allowing room to reorganize the data and modification log within the page when a compressed table or index is updated and the data might be recompressed. Only applies when innodb_compression_failure_threshold_pct is set to a nonzero value, and the rate of compression failures passes the cutoff point.

    For more information, see Section 17.9.1.6, “Compression for OLTP Workloads”.

  • innodb_concurrency_tickets

    Command-Line Format --innodb-concurrency-tickets=#
    System Variable innodb_concurrency_tickets
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 5000
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 4294967295

    Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. A thread is placed in a queue when it tries to enter InnoDB if the number of threads has already reached the concurrency limit. When a thread is permitted to enter InnoDB, it is given a number of tickets equal to the value of innodb_concurrency_tickets, and the thread can enter and leave InnoDB freely until it has used up its tickets. After that point, the thread again becomes subject to the concurrency check (and possible queuing) the next time it tries to enter InnoDB. The default value is 5000.

    With a small innodb_concurrency_tickets value, small transactions that only need to process a few rows compete fairly with larger transactions that process many rows. The disadvantage of a small innodb_concurrency_tickets value is that large transactions must loop through the queue many times before they can complete, which extends the amount of time required to complete their task.

    With a large innodb_concurrency_tickets value, large transactions spend less time waiting for a position at the end of the queue (controlled by innodb_thread_concurrency) and more time retrieving rows. Large transactions also require fewer trips through the queue to complete their task. The disadvantage of a large innodb_concurrency_tickets value is that too many large transactions running at the same time can starve smaller transactions by making them wait a longer time before executing.

    With a nonzero innodb_thread_concurrency value, you may need to adjust the innodb_concurrency_tickets value up or down to find the optimal balance between larger and smaller transactions. The SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS report shows the number of tickets remaining for an executing transaction in its current pass through the queue. This data may also be obtained from the TRX_CONCURRENCY_TICKETS column of the Information Schema INNODB_TRX table.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.4, “Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB”.

  • innodb_data_file_path

    Command-Line Format --innodb-data-file-path=file_name
    System Variable innodb_data_file_path
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value ibdata1:12M:autoextend

    Defines the name, size, and attributes of InnoDB system tablespace data files. If you do not specify a value for innodb_data_file_path, the default behavior is to create a single auto-extending data file, slightly larger than 12MB, named ibdata1.

    The full syntax for a data file specification includes the file name, file size, autoextend attribute, and max attribute:

    file_name:file_size[:autoextend[:max:max_file_size]]

    File sizes are specified in kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes by appending K, M or G to the size value. If specifying the data file size in kilobytes, do so in multiples of 1024. Otherwise, KB values are rounded to nearest megabyte (MB) boundary. The sum of file sizes must be, at a minimum, slightly larger than 12MB.

    For additional configuration information, see System Tablespace Data File Configuration. For resizing instructions, see Resizing the System Tablespace.

  • innodb_data_home_dir

    Command-Line Format --innodb-data-home-dir=dir_name
    System Variable innodb_data_home_dir
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name

    The common part of the directory path for InnoDB system tablespace data files. The default value is the MySQL data directory. The setting is concatenated with the innodb_data_file_path setting, unless that setting is defined with an absolute path.

    A trailing slash is required when specifying a value for innodb_data_home_dir. For example:

    [mysqld]
    innodb_data_home_dir = /path/to/myibdata/

    This setting does not affect the location of file-per-table tablespaces.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.1, “InnoDB Startup Configuration”.

  • innodb_ddl_buffer_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ddl-buffer-size=#
    Introduced 8.0.27
    System Variable innodb_ddl_buffer_size
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1048576
    Minimum Value 65536
    Maximum Value 4294967295
    Unit bytes

    Defines the maximum buffer size for DDL operations. The default setting is 1048576 bytes (approximately 1 MB). Applies to online DDL operations that create or rebuild secondary indexes. See Section 17.12.4, “Online DDL Memory Management”. The maximum buffer size per DDL thread is the maximum buffer size divided by the number of DDL threads (innodb_ddl_buffer_size/innodb_ddl_threads).

  • innodb_ddl_log_crash_reset_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ddl-log-crash-reset-debug[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_ddl_log_crash_reset_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enable this debug option to reset DDL log crash injection counters to 1. This option is only available when debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_ddl_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ddl-threads=#
    Introduced 8.0.27
    System Variable innodb_ddl_threads
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 64

    Defines the maximum number of parallel threads for the sort and build phases of index creation. Applies to online DDL operations that create or rebuild secondary indexes. For related information, see Section 17.12.5, “Configuring Parallel Threads for Online DDL Operations”, and Section 17.12.4, “Online DDL Memory Management”.

  • innodb_deadlock_detect

    Command-Line Format --innodb-deadlock-detect[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_deadlock_detect
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    This option is used to disable deadlock detection. On high concurrency systems, deadlock detection can cause a slowdown when numerous threads wait for the same lock. At times, it may be more efficient to disable deadlock detection and rely on the innodb_lock_wait_timeout setting for transaction rollback when a deadlock occurs.

    For related information, see Section 17.7.5.2, “Deadlock Detection”.

  • innodb_dedicated_server

    Command-Line Format --innodb-dedicated-server[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_dedicated_server
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    When innodb_dedicated_server is enabled, InnoDB automatically configures the following variables:

    Only consider enabling innodb_dedicated_server if the MySQL instance resides on a dedicated server where it can use all available system resources. Enabling innodb_dedicated_server is not recommended if the MySQL instance shares system resources with other applications.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.12, “Enabling Automatic Configuration for a Dedicated MySQL Server”.

  • innodb_default_row_format

    Command-Line Format --innodb-default-row-format=value
    System Variable innodb_default_row_format
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value DYNAMIC
    Valid Values

    REDUNDANT

    COMPACT

    DYNAMIC

    The innodb_default_row_format option defines the default row format for InnoDB tables and user-created temporary tables. The default setting is DYNAMIC. Other permitted values are COMPACT and REDUNDANT. The COMPRESSED row format, which is not supported for use in the system tablespace, cannot be defined as the default.

    Newly created tables use the row format defined by innodb_default_row_format when a ROW_FORMAT option is not specified explicitly or when ROW_FORMAT=DEFAULT is used.

    When a ROW_FORMAT option is not specified explicitly or when ROW_FORMAT=DEFAULT is used, any operation that rebuilds a table also silently changes the row format of the table to the format defined by innodb_default_row_format. For more information, see Defining the Row Format of a Table.

    Internal InnoDB temporary tables created by the server to process queries use the DYNAMIC row format, regardless of the innodb_default_row_format setting.

  • innodb_directories

    Command-Line Format --innodb-directories=dir_name
    System Variable innodb_directories
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name
    Default Value NULL

    Defines directories to scan at startup for tablespace files. This option is used when moving or restoring tablespace files to a new location while the server is offline. It is also used to specify directories of tablespace files created using an absolute path or that reside outside of the data directory.

    Tablespace discovery during crash recovery relies on the innodb_directories setting to identify tablespaces referenced in the redo logs. For more information, see Tablespace Discovery During Crash Recovery.

    The default value is NULL, but directories defined by innodb_data_home_dir, innodb_undo_directory, and datadir are always appended to the innodb_directories argument value when InnoDB builds a list of directories to scan at startup. These directories are appended regardless of whether an innodb_directories setting is specified explicitly.

    innodb_directories may be specified as an option in a startup command or in a MySQL option file. Quotes surround the argument value because otherwise some command interpreters interpret semicolon (;) as a special character. (For example, Unix shells treat it as a command terminator.)

    Startup command:

    mysqld --innodb-directories="directory_path_1;directory_path_2"

    MySQL option file:

    [mysqld]
    innodb_directories="directory_path_1;directory_path_2"

    Wildcard expressions cannot be used to specify directories.

    The innodb_directories scan also traverses the subdirectories of specified directories. Duplicate directories and subdirectories are discarded from the list of directories to be scanned.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.3.6, “Moving Tablespace Files While the Server is Offline”.

  • innodb_disable_sort_file_cache

    Command-Line Format --innodb-disable-sort-file-cache[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_disable_sort_file_cache
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Disables the operating system file system cache for merge-sort temporary files. The effect is to open such files with the equivalent of O_DIRECT.

  • innodb_doublewrite

    Command-Line Format

    --innodb-doublewrite=value (≥ 8.0.30)

    --innodb-doublewrite[={OFF|ON}] (≤ 8.0.29)

    System Variable innodb_doublewrite
    Scope Global
    Dynamic (≥ 8.0.30) Yes
    Dynamic (≤ 8.0.29) No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type (≥ 8.0.30) Enumeration
    Type (≤ 8.0.29) Boolean
    Default Value ON
    Valid Values

    ON

    OFF

    DETECT_AND_RECOVER

    DETECT_ONLY

    The innodb_doublewrite variable controls doublewrite buffering. Doublewrite buffering is enabled by default in most cases.

    Prior to MySQL 8.0.30, you can set innodb_doublewrite to ON or OFF when starting the server to enable or disable doublewrite buffering, respectively. From MySQL 8.0.30, innodb_doublewrite also supports DETECT_AND_RECOVER and DETECT_ONLY settings.

    The DETECT_AND_RECOVER setting is the same as the ON setting. With this setting, the doublewrite buffer is fully enabled, with database page content written to the doublewrite buffer where it is accessed during recovery to fix incomplete page writes.

    With the DETECT_ONLY setting, only metadata is written to the doublewrite buffer. Database page content is not written to the doublewrite buffer, and recovery does not use the doublewrite buffer to fix incomplete page writes. This lightweight setting is intended for detecting incomplete page writes only.

    MySQL 8.0.30 onwards supports dynamic changes to the innodb_doublewrite setting that enables the doublewrite buffer, between ON, DETECT_AND_RECOVER, and DETECT_ONLY. MySQL does not support dynamic changes between a setting that enables the doublewrite buffer and OFF or vice versa.

    If the doublewrite buffer is located on a Fusion-io device that supports atomic writes, the doublewrite buffer is automatically disabled and data file writes are performed using Fusion-io atomic writes instead. However, be aware that the innodb_doublewrite setting is global. When the doublewrite buffer is disabled, it is disabled for all data files including those that do not reside on Fusion-io hardware. This feature is only supported on Fusion-io hardware and is only enabled for Fusion-io NVMFS on Linux. To take full advantage of this feature, an innodb_flush_method setting of O_DIRECT is recommended.

    For related information, see Section 17.6.4, “Doublewrite Buffer”.

  • innodb_doublewrite_batch_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-doublewrite-batch-size=#
    Introduced 8.0.20
    System Variable innodb_doublewrite_batch_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 256

    Defines the number of doublewrite pages to write in a batch.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.4, “Doublewrite Buffer”.

  • innodb_doublewrite_dir

    Command-Line Format --innodb-doublewrite-dir=dir_name
    Introduced 8.0.20
    System Variable innodb_doublewrite_dir
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name

    Defines the directory for doublewrite files. If no directory is specified, doublewrite files are created in the innodb_data_home_dir directory, which defaults to the data directory if unspecified.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.4, “Doublewrite Buffer”.

  • innodb_doublewrite_files

    Command-Line Format --innodb-doublewrite-files=#
    Introduced 8.0.20
    System Variable innodb_doublewrite_files
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value innodb_buffer_pool_instances * 2
    Minimum Value 2
    Maximum Value 256

    Defines the number of doublewrite files. By default, two doublewrite files are created for each buffer pool instance.

    At a minimum, there are two doublewrite files. The maximum number of doublewrite files is two times the number of buffer pool instances. (The number of buffer pool instances is controlled by the innodb_buffer_pool_instances variable.)

    For more information, see Section 17.6.4, “Doublewrite Buffer”.

  • innodb_doublewrite_pages

    Command-Line Format --innodb-doublewrite-pages=#
    Introduced 8.0.20
    System Variable innodb_doublewrite_pages
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value innodb_write_io_threads value
    Minimum Value innodb_write_io_threads value
    Maximum Value 512

    Defines the maximum number of doublewrite pages per thread for a batch write. If no value is specified, innodb_doublewrite_pages is set to the innodb_write_io_threads value.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.4, “Doublewrite Buffer”.

  • innodb_extend_and_initialize

    Command-Line Format --innodb=extend-and-initialize[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_extend_and_initialize
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Controls how space is allocated to file-per-table and general tablespaces on Linux systems.

    When enabled, InnoDB writes NULLs to newly allocated pages. When disabled, space is allocated using posix_fallocate() calls, which reserve space without physically writing NULLs.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.3.8, “Optimizing Tablespace Space Allocation on Linux”.

  • innodb_fast_shutdown

    Command-Line Format --innodb-fast-shutdown=#
    System Variable innodb_fast_shutdown
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1
    Valid Values

    0

    1

    2

    The InnoDB shutdown mode. If the value is 0, InnoDB does a slow shutdown, a full purge and a change buffer merge before shutting down. If the value is 1 (the default), InnoDB skips these operations at shutdown, a process known as a fast shutdown. If the value is 2, InnoDB flushes its logs and shuts down cold, as if MySQL had crashed; no committed transactions are lost, but the crash recovery operation makes the next startup take longer.

    The slow shutdown can take minutes, or even hours in extreme cases where substantial amounts of data are still buffered. Use the slow shutdown technique before upgrading or downgrading between MySQL major releases, so that all data files are fully prepared in case the upgrade process updates the file format.

    Use innodb_fast_shutdown=2 in emergency or troubleshooting situations, to get the absolute fastest shutdown if data is at risk of corruption.

  • innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-fil-make-page-dirty-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2**32-1

    By default, setting innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug to the ID of a tablespace immediately dirties the first page of the tablespace. If innodb_saved_page_number_debug is set to a non-default value, setting innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug dirties the specified page. The innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_file_per_table

    Command-Line Format --innodb-file-per-table[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_file_per_table
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    When innodb_file_per_table is enabled, tables are created in file-per-table tablespaces by default. When disabled, tables are created in the system tablespace by default. For information about file-per-table tablespaces, see Section 17.6.3.2, “File-Per-Table Tablespaces”. For information about the InnoDB system tablespace, see Section 17.6.3.1, “The System Tablespace”.

    The innodb_file_per_table variable can be configured at runtime using a SET GLOBAL statement, specified on the command line at startup, or specified in an option file. Configuration at runtime requires privileges sufficient to set global system variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”) and immediately affects the operation of all connections.

    When a table that resides in a file-per-table tablespace is truncated or dropped, the freed space is returned to the operating system. Truncating or dropping a table that resides in the system tablespace only frees space in the system tablespace. Freed space in the system tablespace can be used again for InnoDB data but is not returned to the operating system, as system tablespace data files never shrink.

    The innodb_file_per-table setting does not affect the creation of temporary tables. As of MySQL 8.0.14, temporary tables are created in session temporary tablespaces, and in the global temporary tablespace before that. See Section 17.6.3.5, “Temporary Tablespaces”.

  • innodb_fill_factor

    Command-Line Format --innodb-fill-factor=#
    System Variable innodb_fill_factor
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 100
    Minimum Value 10
    Maximum Value 100

    InnoDB performs a bulk load when creating or rebuilding indexes. This method of index creation is known as a sorted index build.

    innodb_fill_factor defines the percentage of space on each B-tree page that is filled during a sorted index build, with the remaining space reserved for future index growth. For example, setting innodb_fill_factor to 80 reserves 20 percent of the space on each B-tree page for future index growth. Actual percentages may vary. The innodb_fill_factor setting is interpreted as a hint rather than a hard limit.

    An innodb_fill_factor setting of 100 leaves 1/16 of the space in clustered index pages free for future index growth.

    innodb_fill_factor applies to both B-tree leaf and non-leaf pages. It does not apply to external pages used for TEXT or BLOB entries.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.2.3, “Sorted Index Builds”.

  • innodb_flush_log_at_timeout

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flush-log-at-timeout=#
    System Variable innodb_flush_log_at_timeout
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 2700
    Unit seconds

    Write and flush the logs every N seconds. innodb_flush_log_at_timeout allows the timeout period between flushes to be increased in order to reduce flushing and avoid impacting performance of binary log group commit. The default setting for innodb_flush_log_at_timeout is once per second.

  • innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit=#
    System Variable innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value 1
    Valid Values

    0

    1

    2

    Controls the balance between strict ACID compliance for commit operations and higher performance that is possible when commit-related I/O operations are rearranged and done in batches. You can achieve better performance by changing the default value but then you can lose transactions in a crash.

    • The default setting of 1 is required for full ACID compliance. Logs are written and flushed to disk at each transaction commit.

    • With a setting of 0, logs are written and flushed to disk once per second. Transactions for which logs have not been flushed can be lost in a crash.

    • With a setting of 2, logs are written after each transaction commit and flushed to disk once per second. Transactions for which logs have not been flushed can be lost in a crash.

    • For settings 0 and 2, once-per-second flushing is not 100% guaranteed. Flushing may occur more frequently due to DDL changes and other internal InnoDB activities that cause logs to be flushed independently of the innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit setting, and sometimes less frequently due to scheduling issues. If logs are flushed once per second, up to one second of transactions can be lost in a crash. If logs are flushed more or less frequently than once per second, the amount of transactions that can be lost varies accordingly.

    • Log flushing frequency is controlled by innodb_flush_log_at_timeout, which allows you to set log flushing frequency to N seconds (where N is 1 ... 2700, with a default value of 1). However, any unexpected mysqld process exit can erase up to N seconds of transactions.

    • DDL changes and other internal InnoDB activities flush the log independently of the innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit setting.

    • InnoDB crash recovery works regardless of the innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit setting. Transactions are either applied entirely or erased entirely.

    For durability and consistency in a replication setup that uses InnoDB with transactions:

    For information on the combination of settings on a replica that is most resilient to unexpected halts, see Section 19.4.2, “Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica”.

    Caution

    Many operating systems and some disk hardware fool the flush-to-disk operation. They may tell mysqld that the flush has taken place, even though it has not. In this case, the durability of transactions is not guaranteed even with the recommended settings, and in the worst case, a power outage can corrupt InnoDB data. Using a battery-backed disk cache in the SCSI disk controller or in the disk itself speeds up file flushes, and makes the operation safer. You can also try to disable the caching of disk writes in hardware caches.

  • innodb_flush_method

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flush-method=value
    System Variable innodb_flush_method
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value (Unix) fsync
    Default Value (Windows) unbuffered
    Valid Values (Unix)

    fsync

    O_DSYNC

    littlesync

    nosync

    O_DIRECT

    O_DIRECT_NO_FSYNC

    Valid Values (Windows)

    unbuffered

    normal

    Defines the method used to flush data to InnoDB data files and log files, which can affect I/O throughput.

    On Unix-like systems, the default value is fsync. On Windows, the default value is unbuffered.

    Note

    In MySQL 8.0, innodb_flush_method options can be specified numerically.

    The innodb_flush_method options for Unix-like systems include:

    • fsync or 0: InnoDB uses the fsync() system call to flush both the data and log files. fsync is the default setting.

    • O_DSYNC or 1: InnoDB uses O_SYNC to open and flush the log files, and fsync() to flush the data files. InnoDB does not use O_DSYNC directly because there have been problems with it on many varieties of Unix.

    • littlesync or 2: This option is used for internal performance testing and is currently unsupported. Use at your own risk.

    • nosync or 3: This option is used for internal performance testing and is currently unsupported. Use at your own risk.

    • O_DIRECT or 4: InnoDB uses O_DIRECT (or directio() on Solaris) to open the data files, and uses fsync() to flush both the data and log files. This option is available on some GNU/Linux versions, FreeBSD, and Solaris.

    • O_DIRECT_NO_FSYNC: InnoDB uses O_DIRECT during flushing I/O, but skips the fsync() system call after each write operation.

      Prior to MySQL 8.0.14, this setting is not suitable for file systems such as XFS and EXT4, which require an fsync() system call to synchronize file system metadata changes. If you are not sure whether your file system requires an fsync() system call to synchronize file system metadata changes, use O_DIRECT instead.

      As of MySQL 8.0.14, fsync() is called after creating a new file, after increasing file size, and after closing a file, to ensure that file system metadata changes are synchronized. The fsync() system call is still skipped after each write operation.

      Data loss is possible if redo log files and data files reside on different storage devices, and an unexpected exit occurs before data file writes are flushed from a device cache that is not battery-backed. If you use or intend to use different storage devices for redo log files and data files, and your data files reside on a device with a cache that is not battery-backed, use O_DIRECT instead.

    On platforms that support fdatasync() system calls, the innodb_use_fdatasync variable, introduced in MySQL 8.0.26, permits innodb_flush_method options that use fsync() to use fdatasync() instead. An fdatasync() system call does not flush changes to file metadata unless required for subsequent data retrieval, providing a potential performance benefit.

    The innodb_flush_method options for Windows systems include:

    • unbuffered or 0: InnoDB uses simulated asynchronous I/O and non-buffered I/O.

    • normal or 1: InnoDB uses simulated asynchronous I/O and buffered I/O.

    How each setting affects performance depends on hardware configuration and workload. Benchmark your particular configuration to decide which setting to use, or whether to keep the default setting. Examine the Innodb_data_fsyncs status variable to see the overall number of fsync() calls (or fdatasync() calls if innodb_use_fdatasync is enabled) for each setting. The mix of read and write operations in your workload can affect how a setting performs. For example, on a system with a hardware RAID controller and battery-backed write cache, O_DIRECT can help to avoid double buffering between the InnoDB buffer pool and the operating system file system cache. On some systems where InnoDB data and log files are located on a SAN, the default value or O_DSYNC might be faster for a read-heavy workload with mostly SELECT statements. Always test this parameter with hardware and workload that reflect your production environment. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

    If innodb_dedicated_server is enabled, the innodb_flush_method value is automatically configured if it is not explicitly defined. For more information, see Section 17.8.12, “Enabling Automatic Configuration for a Dedicated MySQL Server”.

  • innodb_flush_neighbors

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flush-neighbors=#
    System Variable innodb_flush_neighbors
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value 0
    Valid Values

    0

    1

    2

    Specifies whether flushing a page from the InnoDB buffer pool also flushes other dirty pages in the same extent.

    • A setting of 0 disables innodb_flush_neighbors. Dirty pages in the same extent are not flushed.

    • A setting of 1 flushes contiguous dirty pages in the same extent.

    • A setting of 2 flushes dirty pages in the same extent.

    When the table data is stored on a traditional HDD storage device, flushing such neighbor pages in one operation reduces I/O overhead (primarily for disk seek operations) compared to flushing individual pages at different times. For table data stored on SSD, seek time is not a significant factor and you can set this option to 0 to spread out write operations. For related information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”.

  • innodb_flush_sync

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flush-sync[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_flush_sync
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    The innodb_flush_sync variable, which is enabled by default, causes the innodb_io_capacity setting to be ignored during bursts of I/O activity that occur at checkpoints. To adhere to the I/O rate defined by the innodb_io_capacity setting, disable innodb_flush_sync.

    For information about configuring the innodb_flush_sync variable, see Section 17.8.7, “Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity”.

  • innodb_flushing_avg_loops

    Command-Line Format --innodb-flushing-avg-loops=#
    System Variable innodb_flushing_avg_loops
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 30
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1000

    Number of iterations for which InnoDB keeps the previously calculated snapshot of the flushing state, controlling how quickly adaptive flushing responds to changing workloads. Increasing the value makes the rate of flush operations change smoothly and gradually as the workload changes. Decreasing the value makes adaptive flushing adjust quickly to workload changes, which can cause spikes in flushing activity if the workload increases and decreases suddenly.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”.

  • innodb_force_load_corrupted

    Command-Line Format --innodb-force-load-corrupted[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_force_load_corrupted
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Permits InnoDB to load tables at startup that are marked as corrupted. Use only during troubleshooting, to recover data that is otherwise inaccessible. When troubleshooting is complete, disable this setting and restart the server.

  • innodb_force_recovery

    Command-Line Format --innodb-force-recovery=#
    System Variable innodb_force_recovery
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 6

    The crash recovery mode, typically only changed in serious troubleshooting situations. Possible values are from 0 to 6. For the meanings of these values and important information about innodb_force_recovery, see Section 17.21.3, “Forcing InnoDB Recovery”.

    Warning

    Only set this variable to a value greater than 0 in an emergency situation so that you can start InnoDB and dump your tables. As a safety measure, InnoDB prevents INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations when innodb_force_recovery is greater than 0. An innodb_force_recovery setting of 4 or greater places InnoDB into read-only mode.

    These restrictions may cause replication administration commands to fail with an error, as replication stores the replica status logs in InnoDB tables.

  • innodb_fsync_threshold

    Command-Line Format --innodb-fsync-threshold=#
    Introduced 8.0.13
    System Variable innodb_fsync_threshold
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2**64-1

    By default, when InnoDB creates a new data file, such as a new log file or tablespace file, the file is fully written to the operating system cache before it is flushed to disk, which can cause a large amount of disk write activity to occur at once. To force smaller, periodic flushes of data from the operating system cache, you can use the innodb_fsync_threshold variable to define a threshold value, in bytes. When the byte threshold is reached, the contents of the operating system cache are flushed to disk. The default value of 0 forces the default behavior, which is to flush data to disk only after a file is fully written to the cache.

    Specifying a threshold to force smaller, periodic flushes may be beneficial in cases where multiple MySQL instances use the same storage devices. For example, creating a new MySQL instance and its associated data files could cause large surges of disk write activity, impeding the performance of other MySQL instances that use the same storage devices. Configuring a threshold helps avoid such surges in write activity.

  • innodb_ft_aux_table

    System Variable innodb_ft_aux_table
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String

    Specifies the qualified name of an InnoDB table containing a FULLTEXT index. This variable is intended for diagnostic purposes and can only be set at runtime. For example:

    SET GLOBAL innodb_ft_aux_table = 'test/t1';

    After you set this variable to a name in the format db_name/table_name, the INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE, INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE, INNODB_FT_CONFIG, INNODB_FT_DELETED, and INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED show information about the search index for the specified table.

    For more information, see Section 17.15.4, “InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables”.

  • innodb_ft_cache_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-cache-size=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_cache_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 8000000
    Minimum Value 1600000
    Maximum Value 80000000
    Unit bytes

    The memory allocated, in bytes, for the InnoDB FULLTEXT search index cache, which holds a parsed document in memory while creating an InnoDB FULLTEXT index. Index inserts and updates are only committed to disk when the innodb_ft_cache_size size limit is reached. innodb_ft_cache_size defines the cache size on a per table basis. To set a global limit for all tables, see innodb_ft_total_cache_size.

    For more information, see InnoDB Full-Text Index Cache.

  • innodb_ft_enable_diag_print

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-enable-diag-print[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_ft_enable_diag_print
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Whether to enable additional full-text search (FTS) diagnostic output. This option is primarily intended for advanced FTS debugging and is not of interest to most users. Output is printed to the error log and includes information such as:

    • FTS index sync progress (when the FTS cache limit is reached). For example:

      FTS SYNC for table test, deleted count: 100 size: 10000 bytes
      SYNC words: 100
    • FTS optimize progress. For example:

      FTS start optimize test
      FTS_OPTIMIZE: optimize "mysql"
      FTS_OPTIMIZE: processed "mysql"
    • FTS index build progress. For example:

      Number of doc processed: 1000
    • For FTS queries, the query parsing tree, word weight, query processing time, and memory usage are printed. For example:

      FTS Search Processing time: 1 secs: 100 millisec: row(s) 10000
      Full Search Memory: 245666 (bytes),  Row: 10000
  • innodb_ft_enable_stopword

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-enable-stopword[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_ft_enable_stopword
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies that a set of stopwords is associated with an InnoDB FULLTEXT index at the time the index is created. If the innodb_ft_user_stopword_table option is set, the stopwords are taken from that table. Else, if the innodb_ft_server_stopword_table option is set, the stopwords are taken from that table. Otherwise, a built-in set of default stopwords is used.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.4, “Full-Text Stopwords”.

  • innodb_ft_max_token_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-max-token-size=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_max_token_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 84
    Minimum Value 10
    Maximum Value 84

    Maximum character length of words that are stored in an InnoDB FULLTEXT index. Setting a limit on this value reduces the size of the index, thus speeding up queries, by omitting long keywords or arbitrary collections of letters that are not real words and are not likely to be search terms.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.6, “Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search”.

  • innodb_ft_min_token_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-min-token-size=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_min_token_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 3
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 16

    Minimum length of words that are stored in an InnoDB FULLTEXT index. Increasing this value reduces the size of the index, thus speeding up queries, by omitting common words that are unlikely to be significant in a search context, such as the English words a and to. For content using a CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) character set, specify a value of 1.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.6, “Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search”.

  • innodb_ft_num_word_optimize

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-num-word-optimize=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_num_word_optimize
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2000
    Minimum Value 1000
    Maximum Value 10000

    Number of words to process during each OPTIMIZE TABLE operation on an InnoDB FULLTEXT index. Because a bulk insert or update operation to a table containing a full-text search index could require substantial index maintenance to incorporate all changes, you might do a series of OPTIMIZE TABLE statements, each picking up where the last left off.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.6, “Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search”.

  • innodb_ft_result_cache_limit

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-result-cache-limit=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_result_cache_limit
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2000000000
    Minimum Value 1000000
    Maximum Value 2**32-1
    Unit bytes

    The InnoDB full-text search query result cache limit (defined in bytes) per full-text search query or per thread. Intermediate and final InnoDB full-text search query results are handled in memory. Use innodb_ft_result_cache_limit to place a size limit on the full-text search query result cache to avoid excessive memory consumption in case of very large InnoDB full-text search query results (millions or hundreds of millions of rows, for example). Memory is allocated as required when a full-text search query is processed. If the result cache size limit is reached, an error is returned indicating that the query exceeds the maximum allowed memory.

    The maximum value of innodb_ft_result_cache_limit for all platform types and bit sizes is 2**32-1.

  • innodb_ft_server_stopword_table

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-server-stopword-table=db_name/table_name
    System Variable innodb_ft_server_stopword_table
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value NULL

    This option is used to specify your own InnoDB FULLTEXT index stopword list for all InnoDB tables. To configure your own stopword list for a specific InnoDB table, use innodb_ft_user_stopword_table.

    Set innodb_ft_server_stopword_table to the name of the table containing a list of stopwords, in the format db_name/table_name.

    The stopword table must exist before you configure innodb_ft_server_stopword_table. innodb_ft_enable_stopword must be enabled and innodb_ft_server_stopword_table option must be configured before you create the FULLTEXT index.

    The stopword table must be an InnoDB table, containing a single VARCHAR column named value.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.4, “Full-Text Stopwords”.

  • innodb_ft_sort_pll_degree

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-sort-pll-degree=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_sort_pll_degree
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 32

    Number of threads used in parallel to index and tokenize text in an InnoDB FULLTEXT index when building a search index.

    For related information, see Section 17.6.2.4, “InnoDB Full-Text Indexes”, and innodb_sort_buffer_size.

  • innodb_ft_total_cache_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-total-cache-size=#
    System Variable innodb_ft_total_cache_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 640000000
    Minimum Value 32000000
    Maximum Value 1600000000
    Unit bytes

    The total memory allocated, in bytes, for the InnoDB full-text search index cache for all tables. Creating numerous tables, each with a FULLTEXT search index, could consume a significant portion of available memory. innodb_ft_total_cache_size defines a global memory limit for all full-text search indexes to help avoid excessive memory consumption. If the global limit is reached by an index operation, a forced sync is triggered.

    For more information, see InnoDB Full-Text Index Cache.

  • innodb_ft_user_stopword_table

    Command-Line Format --innodb-ft-user-stopword-table=db_name/table_name
    System Variable innodb_ft_user_stopword_table
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value NULL

    This option is used to specify your own InnoDB FULLTEXT index stopword list on a specific table. To configure your own stopword list for all InnoDB tables, use innodb_ft_server_stopword_table.

    Set innodb_ft_user_stopword_table to the name of the table containing a list of stopwords, in the format db_name/table_name.

    The stopword table must exist before you configure innodb_ft_user_stopword_table. innodb_ft_enable_stopword must be enabled and innodb_ft_user_stopword_table must be configured before you create the FULLTEXT index.

    The stopword table must be an InnoDB table, containing a single VARCHAR column named value.

    For more information, see Section 14.9.4, “Full-Text Stopwords”.

  • innodb_idle_flush_pct

    Command-Line Format --innodb-idle-flush-pct=#
    Introduced 8.0.18
    System Variable innodb_idle_flush_pct
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 100
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 100

    Limits page flushing when InnoDB is idle. The innodb_idle_flush_pct value is a percentage of the innodb_io_capacity setting, which defines the number of I/O operations per second available to InnoDB. For more information, see Limiting Buffer Flushing During Idle Periods.

  • innodb_io_capacity

    Command-Line Format --innodb-io-capacity=#
    System Variable innodb_io_capacity
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 200
    Minimum Value 100
    Maximum Value (64-bit platforms) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms) 2**32-1

    The innodb_io_capacity variable defines the number of I/O operations per second (IOPS) available to InnoDB background tasks, such as flushing pages from the buffer pool and merging data from the change buffer.

    For information about configuring the innodb_io_capacity variable, see Section 17.8.7, “Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity”.

  • innodb_io_capacity_max

    Command-Line Format --innodb-io-capacity-max=#
    System Variable innodb_io_capacity_max
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value see description
    Minimum Value 100
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms) 2**32-1
    Maximum Value (Unix, 64-bit platforms, ≥ 8.0.29) 2**32-1
    Maximum Value (Unix, 64-bit platforms, ≤ 8.0.28) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (Windows, 64-bit platforms) 2**32-1

    If flushing activity falls behind, InnoDB can flush more aggressively, at a higher rate of I/O operations per second (IOPS) than defined by the innodb_io_capacity variable. The innodb_io_capacity_max variable defines a maximum number of IOPS performed by InnoDB background tasks in such situations.

    For information about configuring the innodb_io_capacity_max variable, see Section 17.8.7, “Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity”.

  • innodb_limit_optimistic_insert_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-limit-optimistic-insert-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_limit_optimistic_insert_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2**32-1

    Limits the number of records per B-tree page. A default value of 0 means that no limit is imposed. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_lock_wait_timeout

    Command-Line Format --innodb-lock-wait-timeout=#
    System Variable innodb_lock_wait_timeout
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1073741824
    Unit seconds

    The length of time in seconds an InnoDB transaction waits for a row lock before giving up. The default value is 50 seconds. A transaction that tries to access a row that is locked by another InnoDB transaction waits at most this many seconds for write access to the row before issuing the following error:

    ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

    When a lock wait timeout occurs, the current statement is rolled back (not the entire transaction). To have the entire transaction roll back, start the server with the --innodb-rollback-on-timeout option. See also Section 17.21.5, “InnoDB Error Handling”.

    You might decrease this value for highly interactive applications or OLTP systems, to display user feedback quickly or put the update into a queue for processing later. You might increase this value for long-running back-end operations, such as a transform step in a data warehouse that waits for other large insert or update operations to finish.

    innodb_lock_wait_timeout applies to InnoDB row locks. A MySQL table lock does not happen inside InnoDB and this timeout does not apply to waits for table locks.

    The lock wait timeout value does not apply to deadlocks when innodb_deadlock_detect is enabled (the default) because InnoDB detects deadlocks immediately and rolls back one of the deadlocked transactions. When innodb_deadlock_detect is disabled, InnoDB relies on innodb_lock_wait_timeout for transaction rollback when a deadlock occurs. See Section 17.7.5.2, “Deadlock Detection”.

    innodb_lock_wait_timeout can be set at runtime with the SET GLOBAL or SET SESSION statement. Changing the GLOBAL setting requires privileges sufficient to set global system variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”) and affects the operation of all clients that subsequently connect. Any client can change the SESSION setting for innodb_lock_wait_timeout, which affects only that client.

  • innodb_log_buffer_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-buffer-size=#
    System Variable innodb_log_buffer_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 16777216
    Minimum Value 1048576
    Maximum Value 4294967295

    The size in bytes of the buffer that InnoDB uses to write to the log files on disk. The default is 16MB. A large log buffer enables large transactions to run without the need to write the log to disk before the transactions commit. Thus, if you have transactions that update, insert, or delete many rows, making the log buffer larger saves disk I/O. For related information, see Memory Configuration, and Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_log_checkpoint_fuzzy_now

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-checkpoint-fuzzy-now[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.13
    System Variable innodb_log_checkpoint_fuzzy_now
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enable this debug option to force InnoDB to write a fuzzy checkpoint. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_log_checkpoint_now

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-checkpoint-now[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_log_checkpoint_now
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enable this debug option to force InnoDB to write a checkpoint. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_log_checksums

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-checksums[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_log_checksums
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Enables or disables checksums for redo log pages.

    innodb_log_checksums=ON enables the CRC-32C checksum algorithm for redo log pages. When innodb_log_checksums is disabled, the contents of the redo log page checksum field are ignored.

    Checksums on the redo log header page and redo log checkpoint pages are never disabled.

  • innodb_log_compressed_pages

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-compressed-pages[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_log_compressed_pages
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies whether images of re-compressed pages are written to the redo log. Re-compression may occur when changes are made to compressed data.

    innodb_log_compressed_pages is enabled by default to prevent corruption that could occur if a different version of the zlib compression algorithm is used during recovery. If you are certain that the zlib version is not subject to change, you can disable innodb_log_compressed_pages to reduce redo log generation for workloads that modify compressed data.

    To measure the effect of enabling or disabling innodb_log_compressed_pages, compare redo log generation for both settings under the same workload. Options for measuring redo log generation include observing the Log sequence number (LSN) in the LOG section of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output, or monitoring Innodb_os_log_written status for the number of bytes written to the redo log files.

    For related information, see Section 17.9.1.6, “Compression for OLTP Workloads”.

  • innodb_log_file_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-file-size=#
    Deprecated 8.0.30
    System Variable innodb_log_file_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50331648
    Minimum Value 4194304
    Maximum Value 512GB / innodb_log_files_in_group
    Unit bytes
    Note

    innodb_log_file_size and innodb_log_files_in_group are deprecated in MySQL 8.0.30. These variables are superseded by innodb_redo_log_capacity. For more information, see Section 17.6.5, “Redo Log”.

    The size in bytes of each log file in a log group. The combined size of log files (innodb_log_file_size * innodb_log_files_in_group) cannot exceed a maximum value that is slightly less than 512GB. A pair of 255 GB log files, for example, approaches the limit but does not exceed it. The default value is 48MB.

    Generally, the combined size of the log files should be large enough that the server can smooth out peaks and troughs in workload activity, which often means that there is enough redo log space to handle more than an hour of write activity. The larger the value, the less checkpoint flush activity is required in the buffer pool, saving disk I/O. Larger log files also make crash recovery slower.

    The minimum innodb_log_file_size is 4MB.

    For related information, see Redo Log Configuration. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

    If innodb_dedicated_server is enabled, the innodb_log_file_size value is automatically configured if it is not explicitly defined. For more information, see Section 17.8.12, “Enabling Automatic Configuration for a Dedicated MySQL Server”.

  • innodb_log_files_in_group

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-files-in-group=#
    Deprecated 8.0.30
    System Variable innodb_log_files_in_group
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2
    Minimum Value 2
    Maximum Value 100
    Note

    innodb_log_file_size and innodb_log_files_in_group are deprecated in MySQL 8.0.30. These variables are superseded by innodb_redo_log_capacity. For more information, see Section 17.6.5, “Redo Log”.

    The number of log files in the log group. InnoDB writes to the files in a circular fashion. The default (and recommended) value is 2. The location of the files is specified by innodb_log_group_home_dir. The combined size of log files (innodb_log_file_size * innodb_log_files_in_group) can be up to 512GB.

    For related information, see Redo Log Configuration.

    If innodb_dedicated_server is enabled, innodb_log_files_in_group is automatically configured if it is not explicitly defined. For more information, see Section 17.8.12, “Enabling Automatic Configuration for a Dedicated MySQL Server”.

  • innodb_log_group_home_dir

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-group-home-dir=dir_name
    System Variable innodb_log_group_home_dir
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name

    The directory path to the InnoDB redo log files.

    For related information, see Redo Log Configuration.

  • innodb_log_spin_cpu_abs_lwm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-spin-cpu-abs-lwm=#
    System Variable innodb_log_spin_cpu_abs_lwm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 80
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 4294967295

    Defines the minimum amount of CPU usage below which user threads no longer spin while waiting for flushed redo. The value is expressed as a sum of CPU core usage. For example, The default value of 80 is 80% of a single CPU core. On a system with a multi-core processor, a value of 150 represents 100% usage of one CPU core plus 50% usage of a second CPU core.

    For related information, see Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”.

  • innodb_log_spin_cpu_pct_hwm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-spin-cpu-pct-hwm=#
    System Variable innodb_log_spin_cpu_pct_hwm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 100

    Defines the maximum amount of CPU usage above which user threads no longer spin while waiting for flushed redo. The value is expressed as a percentage of the combined total processing power of all CPU cores. The default value is 50%. For example, 100% usage of two CPU cores is 50% of the combined CPU processing power on a server with four CPU cores.

    The innodb_log_spin_cpu_pct_hwm variable respects processor affinity. For example, if a server has 48 cores but the mysqld process is pinned to only four CPU cores, the other 44 CPU cores are ignored.

    For related information, see Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”.

  • innodb_log_wait_for_flush_spin_hwm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-wait-for-flush-spin-hwm=#
    System Variable innodb_log_wait_for_flush_spin_hwm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 400
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value (64-bit platforms) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms) 2**32-1
    Unit microseconds

    Defines the maximum average log flush time beyond which user threads no longer spin while waiting for flushed redo. The default value is 400 microseconds.

    For related information, see Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”.

  • innodb_log_write_ahead_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-write-ahead-size=#
    System Variable innodb_log_write_ahead_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 8192
    Minimum Value 512 (log file block size)
    Maximum Value Equal to innodb_page_size
    Unit bytes

    Defines the write-ahead block size for the redo log, in bytes. To avoid read-on-write, set innodb_log_write_ahead_size to match the operating system or file system cache block size. The default setting is 8192 bytes. Read-on-write occurs when redo log blocks are not entirely cached to the operating system or file system due to a mismatch between write-ahead block size for the redo log and operating system or file system cache block size.

    Valid values for innodb_log_write_ahead_size are multiples of the InnoDB log file block size (2n). The minimum value is the InnoDB log file block size (512). Write-ahead does not occur when the minimum value is specified. The maximum value is equal to the innodb_page_size value. If you specify a value for innodb_log_write_ahead_size that is larger than the innodb_page_size value, the innodb_log_write_ahead_size setting is truncated to the innodb_page_size value.

    Setting the innodb_log_write_ahead_size value too low in relation to the operating system or file system cache block size results in read-on-write. Setting the value too high may have a slight impact on fsync performance for log file writes due to several blocks being written at once.

    For related information, see Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”.

  • innodb_log_writer_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-log-writer-threads[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.22
    System Variable innodb_log_writer_threads
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Enables dedicated log writer threads for writing redo log records from the log buffer to the system buffers and flushing the system buffers to the redo log files. Dedicated log writer threads can improve performance on high-concurrency systems, but for low-concurrency systems, disabling dedicated log writer threads provides better performance.

    For more information, see Section 10.5.4, “Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging”.

  • innodb_lru_scan_depth

    Command-Line Format --innodb-lru-scan-depth=#
    System Variable innodb_lru_scan_depth
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1024
    Minimum Value 100
    Maximum Value (64-bit platforms) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms) 2**32-1

    A parameter that influences the algorithms and heuristics for the flush operation for the InnoDB buffer pool. Primarily of interest to performance experts tuning I/O-intensive workloads. It specifies, per buffer pool instance, how far down the buffer pool LRU page list the page cleaner thread scans looking for dirty pages to flush. This is a background operation performed once per second.

    A setting smaller than the default is generally suitable for most workloads. A value that is much higher than necessary may impact performance. Only consider increasing the value if you have spare I/O capacity under a typical workload. Conversely, if a write-intensive workload saturates your I/O capacity, decrease the value, especially in the case of a large buffer pool.

    When tuning innodb_lru_scan_depth, start with a low value and configure the setting upward with the goal of rarely seeing zero free pages. Also, consider adjusting innodb_lru_scan_depth when changing the number of buffer pool instances, since innodb_lru_scan_depth * innodb_buffer_pool_instances defines the amount of work performed by the page cleaner thread each second.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct

    Command-Line Format --innodb-max-dirty-pages-pct=#
    System Variable innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Numeric
    Default Value 90
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 99.999

    InnoDB tries to flush data from the buffer pool so that the percentage of dirty pages does not exceed this value.

    The innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct setting establishes a target for flushing activity. It does not affect the rate of flushing. For information about managing the rate of flushing, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct_lwm

    Command-Line Format --innodb-max-dirty-pages-pct-lwm=#
    System Variable innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct_lwm
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Numeric
    Default Value 10
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 99.999

    Defines a low water mark representing the percentage of dirty pages at which preflushing is enabled to control the dirty page ratio. A value of 0 disables the pre-flushing behavior entirely. The configured value should always be lower than the innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct value. For more information, see Section 17.8.3.5, “Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing”.

  • innodb_max_purge_lag

    Command-Line Format --innodb-max-purge-lag=#
    System Variable innodb_max_purge_lag
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 4294967295

    Defines the desired maximum purge lag. If this value is exceeded, a delay is imposed on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations to allow time for purge to catch up. The default value is 0, which means there is no maximum purge lag and no delay.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.9, “Purge Configuration”.

  • innodb_max_purge_lag_delay

    Command-Line Format --innodb-max-purge-lag-delay=#
    System Variable innodb_max_purge_lag_delay
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 10000000
    Unit microseconds

    Specifies the maximum delay in microseconds for the delay imposed when the innodb_max_purge_lag threshold is exceeded. The specified innodb_max_purge_lag_delay value is an upper limit on the delay period calculated by the innodb_max_purge_lag formula.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.9, “Purge Configuration”.

  • innodb_max_undo_log_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-max-undo-log-size=#
    System Variable innodb_max_undo_log_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1073741824
    Minimum Value 10485760
    Maximum Value 2**64-1
    Unit bytes

    Defines a threshold size for undo tablespaces. If an undo tablespace exceeds the threshold, it can be marked for truncation when innodb_undo_log_truncate is enabled. The default value is 1073741824 bytes (1024 MiB).

    For more information, see Truncating Undo Tablespaces.

  • innodb_merge_threshold_set_all_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-merge-threshold-set-all-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_merge_threshold_set_all_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 50

    Defines a page-full percentage value for index pages that overrides the current MERGE_THRESHOLD setting for all indexes that are currently in the dictionary cache. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option. For related information, see Section 17.8.11, “Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages”.

  • innodb_monitor_disable

    Command-Line Format --innodb-monitor-disable={counter|module|pattern|all}
    System Variable innodb_monitor_disable
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String

    This variable acts as a switch, disabling InnoDB metrics counters. Counter data may be queried using the Information Schema INNODB_METRICS table. For usage information, see Section 17.15.6, “InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table”.

    innodb_monitor_disable='latch' disables statistics collection for SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX. For more information, see Section 15.7.7.15, “SHOW ENGINE Statement”.

  • innodb_monitor_enable

    Command-Line Format --innodb-monitor-enable={counter|module|pattern|all}
    System Variable innodb_monitor_enable
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String

    This variable acts as a switch, enabling InnoDB metrics counters. Counter data may be queried using the Information Schema INNODB_METRICS table. For usage information, see Section 17.15.6, “InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table”.

    innodb_monitor_enable='latch' enables statistics collection for SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX. For more information, see Section 15.7.7.15, “SHOW ENGINE Statement”.

  • innodb_monitor_reset

    Command-Line Format --innodb-monitor-reset={counter|module|pattern|all}
    System Variable innodb_monitor_reset
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value NULL
    Valid Values

    counter

    module

    pattern

    all

    This variable acts as a switch, resetting the count value for InnoDB metrics counters to zero. Counter data may be queried using the Information Schema INNODB_METRICS table. For usage information, see Section 17.15.6, “InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table”.

    innodb_monitor_reset='latch' resets statistics reported by SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX. For more information, see Section 15.7.7.15, “SHOW ENGINE Statement”.

  • innodb_monitor_reset_all

    Command-Line Format --innodb-monitor-reset-all={counter|module|pattern|all}
    System Variable innodb_monitor_reset_all
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value NULL
    Valid Values

    counter

    module

    pattern

    all

    This variable acts as a switch, resetting all values (minimum, maximum, and so on) for InnoDB metrics counters. Counter data may be queried using the Information Schema INNODB_METRICS table. For usage information, see Section 17.15.6, “InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table”.

  • innodb_numa_interleave

    Command-Line Format --innodb-numa-interleave[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_numa_interleave
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables the NUMA interleave memory policy for allocation of the InnoDB buffer pool. When innodb_numa_interleave is enabled, the NUMA memory policy is set to MPOL_INTERLEAVE for the mysqld process. After the InnoDB buffer pool is allocated, the NUMA memory policy is set back to MPOL_DEFAULT. For the innodb_numa_interleave option to be available, MySQL must be compiled on a NUMA-enabled Linux system.

    CMake sets the default WITH_NUMA value based on whether the current platform has NUMA support. For more information, see Section 2.8.7, “MySQL Source-Configuration Options”.

  • innodb_old_blocks_pct

    Command-Line Format --innodb-old-blocks-pct=#
    System Variable innodb_old_blocks_pct
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 37
    Minimum Value 5
    Maximum Value 95

    Specifies the approximate percentage of the InnoDB buffer pool used for the old block sublist. The range of values is 5 to 95. The default value is 37 (that is, 3/8 of the pool). Often used in combination with innodb_old_blocks_time.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.3, “Making the Buffer Pool Scan Resistant”. For information about buffer pool management, the LRU algorithm, and eviction policies, see Section 17.5.1, “Buffer Pool”.

  • innodb_old_blocks_time

    Command-Line Format --innodb-old-blocks-time=#
    System Variable innodb_old_blocks_time
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1000
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2**32-1
    Unit milliseconds

    Non-zero values protect against the buffer pool being filled by data that is referenced only for a brief period, such as during a full table scan. Increasing this value offers more protection against full table scans interfering with data cached in the buffer pool.

    Specifies how long in milliseconds a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. If the value is 0, a block inserted into the old sublist moves immediately to the new sublist the first time it is accessed, no matter how soon after insertion the access occurs. If the value is greater than 0, blocks remain in the old sublist until an access occurs at least that many milliseconds after the first access. For example, a value of 1000 causes blocks to stay in the old sublist for 1 second after the first access before they become eligible to move to the new sublist.

    The default value is 1000.

    This variable is often used in combination with innodb_old_blocks_pct. For more information, see Section 17.8.3.3, “Making the Buffer Pool Scan Resistant”. For information about buffer pool management, the LRU algorithm, and eviction policies, see Section 17.5.1, “Buffer Pool”.

  • innodb_online_alter_log_max_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-online-alter-log-max-size=#
    System Variable innodb_online_alter_log_max_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 134217728
    Minimum Value 65536
    Maximum Value 2**64-1
    Unit bytes

    Specifies an upper limit in bytes on the size of the temporary log files used during online DDL operations for InnoDB tables. There is one such log file for each index being created or table being altered. This log file stores data inserted, updated, or deleted in the table during the DDL operation. The temporary log file is extended when needed by the value of innodb_sort_buffer_size, up to the maximum specified by innodb_online_alter_log_max_size. If a temporary log file exceeds the upper size limit, the ALTER TABLE operation fails and all uncommitted concurrent DML operations are rolled back. Thus, a large value for this option allows more DML to happen during an online DDL operation, but also extends the period of time at the end of the DDL operation when the table is locked to apply the data from the log.

  • innodb_open_files

    Command-Line Format --innodb-open-files=#
    System Variable innodb_open_files
    Scope Global
    Dynamic (≥ 8.0.28) Yes
    Dynamic (≤ 8.0.27) No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value -1 (signifies autosizing; do not assign this literal value)
    Minimum Value 10
    Maximum Value 2147483647

    Specifies the maximum number of files that InnoDB can have open at one time. The minimum value is 10. If innodb_file_per_table is disabled, the default value is 300; otherwise, the default value is 300 or the table_open_cache setting, whichever is higher.

    As of MySQL 8.0.28, the innodb_open_files limit can be set at runtime using a SELECT innodb_set_open_files_limit(N) statement, where N is the desired innodb_open_files limit; for example:

    mysql> SELECT innodb_set_open_files_limit(1000);

    The statement executes a stored procedure that sets the new limit. If the procedure is successful, it returns the value of the newly set limit; otherwise, a failure message is returned.

    It is not permitted to set innodb_open_files using a SET statement. To set innodb_open_files at runtime, use the SELECT innodb_set_open_files_limit(N) statement described above.

    Setting innodb_open_files=default is not supported. Only integer values are permitted.

    As of MySQL 8.0.28, to prevent non-LRU manged files from consuming the entire innodb_open_files limit, non-LRU managed files are limited to 90 percent of the innodb_open_files limit, which reserves 10 percent of the innodb_open_files limit for LRU managed files.

    Temporary tablespace files were not counted toward the innodb_open_files limit from MySQL 8.0.24 to MySQL 8.0.27.

  • innodb_optimize_fulltext_only

    Command-Line Format --innodb-optimize-fulltext-only[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_optimize_fulltext_only
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Changes the way OPTIMIZE TABLE operates on InnoDB tables. Intended to be enabled temporarily, during maintenance operations for InnoDB tables with FULLTEXT indexes.

    By default, OPTIMIZE TABLE reorganizes data in the clustered index of the table. When this option is enabled, OPTIMIZE TABLE skips the reorganization of table data, and instead processes newly added, deleted, and updated token data for InnoDB FULLTEXT indexes. For more information, see Optimizing InnoDB Full-Text Indexes.

  • innodb_page_cleaners

    Command-Line Format --innodb-page-cleaners=#
    System Variable innodb_page_cleaners
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 64

    The number of page cleaner threads that flush dirty pages from buffer pool instances. Page cleaner threads perform flush list and LRU flushing. When there are multiple page cleaner threads, buffer pool flushing tasks for each buffer pool instance are dispatched to idle page cleaner threads. The innodb_page_cleaners default value is 4. If the number of page cleaner threads exceeds the number of buffer pool instances, innodb_page_cleaners is automatically set to the same value as innodb_buffer_pool_instances.

    If your workload is write-IO bound when flushing dirty pages from buffer pool instances to data files, and if your system hardware has available capacity, increasing the number of page cleaner threads may help improve write-IO throughput.

    Multithreaded page cleaner support extends to shutdown and recovery phases.

    The setpriority() system call is used on Linux platforms where it is supported, and where the mysqld execution user is authorized to give page_cleaner threads priority over other MySQL and InnoDB threads to help page flushing keep pace with the current workload. setpriority() support is indicated by this InnoDB startup message:

    [Note] InnoDB: If the mysqld execution user is authorized, page cleaner
    thread priority can be changed. See the man page of setpriority().

    For systems where server startup and shutdown is not managed by systemd, mysqld execution user authorization can be configured in /etc/security/limits.conf. For example, if mysqld is run under the mysql user, you can authorize the mysql user by adding these lines to /etc/security/limits.conf:

    mysql              hard    nice       -20
    mysql              soft    nice       -20

    For systemd managed systems, the same can be achieved by specifying LimitNICE=-20 in a localized systemd configuration file. For example, create a file named override.conf in /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service.d/override.conf and add this entry:

    [Service]
    LimitNICE=-20

    After creating or changing override.conf, reload the systemd configuration, then tell systemd to restart the MySQL service:

    systemctl daemon-reload
    systemctl restart mysqld  # RPM platforms
    systemctl restart mysql   # Debian platforms

    For more information about using a localized systemd configuration file, see Configuring systemd for MySQL.

    After authorizing the mysqld execution user, use the cat command to verify the configured Nice limits for the mysqld process:

    $> cat /proc/mysqld_pid/limits | grep nice
    Max nice priority         18446744073709551596 18446744073709551596
  • innodb_page_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-page-size=#
    System Variable innodb_page_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value 16384
    Valid Values

    4096

    8192

    16384

    32768

    65536

    Specifies the page size for InnoDB tablespaces. Values can be specified in bytes or kilobytes. For example, a 16 kilobyte page size value can be specified as 16384, 16KB, or 16k.

    innodb_page_size can only be configured prior to initializing the MySQL instance and cannot be changed afterward. If no value is specified, the instance is initialized using the default page size. See Section 17.8.1, “InnoDB Startup Configuration”.

    For both 32KB and 64KB page sizes, the maximum row length is approximately 16000 bytes. ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED is not supported when innodb_page_size is set to 32KB or 64KB. For innodb_page_size=32KB, extent size is 2MB. For innodb_page_size=64KB, extent size is 4MB. innodb_log_buffer_size should be set to at least 16M (the default) when using 32KB or 64KB page sizes.

    The default 16KB page size or larger is appropriate for a wide range of workloads, particularly for queries involving table scans and DML operations involving bulk updates. Smaller page sizes might be more efficient for OLTP workloads involving many small writes, where contention can be an issue when single pages contain many rows. Smaller pages might also be efficient with SSD storage devices, which typically use small block sizes. Keeping the InnoDB page size close to the storage device block size minimizes the amount of unchanged data that is rewritten to disk.

    The minimum file size for the first system tablespace data file (ibdata1) differs depending on the innodb_page_size value. See the innodb_data_file_path option description for more information.

    A MySQL instance using a particular InnoDB page size cannot use data files or log files from an instance that uses a different page size.

    For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_parallel_read_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-parallel-read-threads=#
    Introduced 8.0.14
    System Variable innodb_parallel_read_threads
    Scope Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 256

    Defines the number of threads that can be used for parallel clustered index reads. Parallel scanning of partitions is supported as of MySQL 8.0.17. Parallel read threads can improve CHECK TABLE performance. InnoDB reads the clustered index twice during a CHECK TABLE operation. The second read can be performed in parallel. This feature does not apply to secondary index scans. The innodb_parallel_read_threads session variable must be set to a value greater than 1 for parallel clustered index reads to occur. The actual number of threads used to perform a parallel clustered index read is determined by the innodb_parallel_read_threads setting or the number of index subtrees to scan, whichever is smaller. The pages read into the buffer pool during the scan are kept at the tail of the buffer pool LRU list so that they can be discarded quickly when free buffer pool pages are required.

    As of MySQL 8.0.17, the maximum number of parallel read threads (256) is the total number of threads for all client connections. If the thread limit is reached, connections fall back to using a single thread.

  • innodb_print_all_deadlocks

    Command-Line Format --innodb-print-all-deadlocks[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_print_all_deadlocks
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    When this option is enabled, information about all deadlocks in InnoDB user transactions is recorded in the mysqld error log. Otherwise, you see information about only the last deadlock, using the SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS command. An occasional InnoDB deadlock is not necessarily an issue, because InnoDB detects the condition immediately and rolls back one of the transactions automatically. You might use this option to troubleshoot why deadlocks are occurring if an application does not have appropriate error-handling logic to detect the rollback and retry its operation. A large number of deadlocks might indicate the need to restructure transactions that issue DML or SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statements for multiple tables, so that each transaction accesses the tables in the same order, thus avoiding the deadlock condition.

    For related information, see Section 17.7.5, “Deadlocks in InnoDB”.

  • innodb_print_ddl_logs

    Command-Line Format --innodb-print-ddl-logs[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_print_ddl_logs
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enabling this option causes MySQL to write DDL logs to stderr. For more information, see Viewing DDL Logs.

  • innodb_purge_batch_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-purge-batch-size=#
    System Variable innodb_purge_batch_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 300
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 5000

    Defines the number of undo log pages that purge parses and processes in one batch from the history list. In a multithreaded purge configuration, the coordinator purge thread divides innodb_purge_batch_size by innodb_purge_threads and assigns that number of pages to each purge thread. The innodb_purge_batch_size variable also defines the number of undo log pages that purge frees after every 128 iterations through the undo logs.

    The innodb_purge_batch_size option is intended for advanced performance tuning in combination with the innodb_purge_threads setting. Most users need not change innodb_purge_batch_size from its default value.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.9, “Purge Configuration”.

  • innodb_purge_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-purge-threads=#
    System Variable innodb_purge_threads
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 32

    The number of background threads devoted to the InnoDB purge operation. Increasing the value creates additional purge threads, which can improve efficiency on systems where DML operations are performed on multiple tables.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.9, “Purge Configuration”.

  • innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency

    Command-Line Format --innodb-purge-rseg-truncate-frequency=#
    System Variable innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 128
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 128

    Defines the frequency with which the purge system frees rollback segments in terms of the number of times that purge is invoked. An undo tablespace cannot be truncated until its rollback segments are freed. Normally, the purge system frees rollback segments once every 128 times that purge is invoked. The default value is 128. Reducing this value increases the frequency with which the purge thread frees rollback segments.

    innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency is intended for use with innodb_undo_log_truncate. For more information, see Truncating Undo Tablespaces.

  • innodb_random_read_ahead

    Command-Line Format --innodb-random-read-ahead[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_random_read_ahead
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables the random read-ahead technique for optimizing InnoDB I/O.

    For details about performance considerations for different types of read-ahead requests, see Section 17.8.3.4, “Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Prefetching (Read-Ahead)”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_read_ahead_threshold

    Command-Line Format --innodb-read-ahead-threshold=#
    System Variable innodb_read_ahead_threshold
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 56
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 64

    Controls the sensitivity of linear read-ahead that InnoDB uses to prefetch pages into the buffer pool. If InnoDB reads at least innodb_read_ahead_threshold pages sequentially from an extent (64 pages), it initiates an asynchronous read for the entire following extent. The permissible range of values is 0 to 64. A value of 0 disables read-ahead. For the default of 56, InnoDB must read at least 56 pages sequentially from an extent to initiate an asynchronous read for the following extent.

    Knowing how many pages are read through the read-ahead mechanism, and how many of these pages are evicted from the buffer pool without ever being accessed, can be useful when fine-tuning the innodb_read_ahead_threshold setting. SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output displays counter information from the Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead and Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_evicted global status variables, which report the number of pages brought into the buffer pool by read-ahead requests, and the number of such pages evicted from the buffer pool without ever being accessed, respectively. The status variables report global values since the last server restart.

    SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS also shows the rate at which the read-ahead pages are read and the rate at which such pages are evicted without being accessed. The per-second averages are based on the statistics collected since the last invocation of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS and are displayed in the BUFFER POOL AND MEMORY section of the SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.3.4, “Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Prefetching (Read-Ahead)”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

  • innodb_read_io_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-read-io-threads=#
    System Variable innodb_read_io_threads
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 64

    The number of I/O threads for read operations in InnoDB. Its counterpart for write threads is innodb_write_io_threads. For more information, see Section 17.8.5, “Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

    Note

    On Linux systems, running multiple MySQL servers (typically more than 12) with default settings for innodb_read_io_threads, innodb_write_io_threads, and the Linux aio-max-nr setting can exceed system limits. Ideally, increase the aio-max-nr setting; as a workaround, you might reduce the settings for one or both of the MySQL variables.

  • innodb_read_only

    Command-Line Format --innodb-read-only[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_read_only
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Starts InnoDB in read-only mode. For distributing database applications or data sets on read-only media. Can also be used in data warehouses to share the same data directory between multiple instances. For more information, see Section 17.8.2, “Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation”.

    Previously, enabling the innodb_read_only system variable prevented creating and dropping tables only for the InnoDB storage engine. As of MySQL 8.0, enabling innodb_read_only prevents these operations for all storage engines. Table creation and drop operations for any storage engine modify data dictionary tables in the mysql system database, but those tables use the InnoDB storage engine and cannot be modified when innodb_read_only is enabled. The same principle applies to other table operations that require modifying data dictionary tables. Examples:

    In addition, other tables in the mysql system database use the InnoDB storage engine in MySQL 8.0. Making those tables read only results in restrictions on operations that modify them. Examples:

  • innodb_redo_log_archive_dirs

    Command-Line Format --innodb-redo-log-archive-dirs
    Introduced 8.0.17
    System Variable innodb_redo_log_archive_dirs
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value NULL

    Defines labeled directories where redo log archive files can be created. You can define multiple labeled directories in a semicolon-separated list. For example:

    innodb_redo_log_archive_dirs='label1:/backups1;label2:/backups2'

    A label can be any string of characters, with the exception of colons (:), which are not permitted. An empty label is also permitted, but the colon (:) is still required in this case.

    A path must be specified, and the directory must exist. The path can contain colons (':'), but semicolons (;) are not permitted.

  • innodb_redo_log_capacity

    Command-Line Format --innodb-redo-log-capacity=#
    Introduced 8.0.30
    System Variable innodb_redo_log_capacity
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 104857600
    Minimum Value 8388608
    Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.34) 549755813888
    Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.30, ≤ 8.0.33) 137438953472
    Unit bytes

    Defines the amount of disk space occupied by redo log files.

    This variable supersedes the innodb_log_files_in_group and innodb_log_file_size variables. When a innodb_redo_log_capacity setting is defined, the innodb_log_files_in_group and innodb_log_file_size settings are ignored; otherwise, these settings are used to compute the innodb_redo_log_capacity setting (innodb_log_files_in_group * innodb_log_file_size = innodb_redo_log_capacity). If none of those variables are set, redo log capacity is set to the innodb_redo_log_capacity default value.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.5, “Redo Log”.

  • innodb_redo_log_encrypt

    Command-Line Format --innodb-redo-log-encrypt[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_redo_log_encrypt
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Controls encryption of redo log data for tables encrypted using the InnoDB data-at-rest encryption feature. Encryption of redo log data is disabled by default. For more information, see Redo Log Encryption.

  • innodb_replication_delay

    Command-Line Format --innodb-replication-delay=#
    System Variable innodb_replication_delay
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 4294967295
    Unit milliseconds

    The replication thread delay in milliseconds on a replica server if innodb_thread_concurrency is reached.

  • innodb_rollback_on_timeout

    Command-Line Format --innodb-rollback-on-timeout[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_rollback_on_timeout
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    InnoDB rolls back only the last statement on a transaction timeout by default. If --innodb-rollback-on-timeout is specified, a transaction timeout causes InnoDB to abort and roll back the entire transaction.

    For more information, see Section 17.21.5, “InnoDB Error Handling”.

  • innodb_rollback_segments

    Command-Line Format --innodb-rollback-segments=#
    System Variable innodb_rollback_segments
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 128
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 128

    innodb_rollback_segments defines the number of rollback segments allocated to each undo tablespace and the global temporary tablespace for transactions that generate undo records. The number of transactions that each rollback segment supports depends on the InnoDB page size and the number of undo logs assigned to each transaction. For more information, see Section 17.6.6, “Undo Logs”.

    For related information, see Section 17.3, “InnoDB Multi-Versioning”. For information about undo tablespaces, see Section 17.6.3.4, “Undo Tablespaces”.

  • innodb_saved_page_number_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-saved-page-number-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_saved_page_number_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 2**32-1

    Saves a page number. Setting the innodb_fil_make_page_dirty_debug option dirties the page defined by innodb_saved_page_number_debug. The innodb_saved_page_number_debug option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_segment_reserve_factor

    Command-Line Format --innodb-segment-reserve-factor=#
    Introduced 8.0.26
    System Variable innodb_segment_reserve_factor
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Numeric
    Default Value 12.5
    Minimum Value 0.03
    Maximum Value 40

    Defines the percentage of tablespace file segment pages reserved as empty pages. The setting is applicable to file-per-table and general tablespaces. The innodb_segment_reserve_factor default setting is 12.5 percent, which is the same percentage of pages reserved in previous MySQL releases.

    For more information, see Configuring the Percentage of Reserved File Segment Pages.

  • innodb_sort_buffer_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-sort-buffer-size=#
    System Variable innodb_sort_buffer_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1048576
    Minimum Value 65536
    Maximum Value 67108864
    Unit bytes

    This variable defines:

    • The sort buffer size for online DDL operations that create or rebuild secondary indexes. However, as of MySQL 8.0.27, this responsibility is subsumed by the innodb_ddl_buffer_size variable.

    • The amount by which the temporary log file is extended when recording concurrent DML during an online DDL operation, and the size of the temporary log file read buffer and write buffer.

    For related information, see Section 17.12.3, “Online DDL Space Requirements”.

  • innodb_spin_wait_delay

    Command-Line Format --innodb-spin-wait-delay=#
    System Variable innodb_spin_wait_delay
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 6
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value (64-bit platforms, ≤ 8.0.13) 2**64-1
    Maximum Value (32-bit platforms, ≤ 8.0.13) 2**32-1
    Maximum Value (≥ 8.0.14) 1000

    The maximum delay between polls for a spin lock. The low-level implementation of this mechanism varies depending on the combination of hardware and operating system, so the delay does not correspond to a fixed time interval.

    Can be used in combination with the innodb_spin_wait_pause_multiplier variable for greater control over the duration of spin-lock polling delays.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.8, “Configuring Spin Lock Polling”.

  • innodb_spin_wait_pause_multiplier

    Command-Line Format --innodb-spin-wait-pause-multiplier=#
    Introduced 8.0.16
    System Variable innodb_spin_wait_pause_multiplier
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 50
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 100

    Defines a multiplier value used to determine the number of PAUSE instructions in spin-wait loops that occur when a thread waits to acquire a mutex or rw-lock.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.8, “Configuring Spin Lock Polling”.

  • innodb_stats_auto_recalc

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-auto-recalc[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_stats_auto_recalc
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Causes InnoDB to automatically recalculate persistent statistics after the data in a table is changed substantially. The threshold value is 10% of the rows in the table. This setting applies to tables created when the innodb_stats_persistent option is enabled. Automatic statistics recalculation may also be configured by specifying STATS_PERSISTENT=1 in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement. The amount of data sampled to produce the statistics is controlled by the innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages variable.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

  • innodb_stats_include_delete_marked

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-include-delete-marked[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_stats_include_delete_marked
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    By default, InnoDB reads uncommitted data when calculating statistics. In the case of an uncommitted transaction that deletes rows from a table, InnoDB excludes records that are delete-marked when calculating row estimates and index statistics, which can lead to non-optimal execution plans for other transactions that are operating on the table concurrently using a transaction isolation level other than READ UNCOMMITTED. To avoid this scenario, innodb_stats_include_delete_marked can be enabled to ensure that InnoDB includes delete-marked records when calculating persistent optimizer statistics.

    When innodb_stats_include_delete_marked is enabled, ANALYZE TABLE considers delete-marked records when recalculating statistics.

    innodb_stats_include_delete_marked is a global setting that affects all InnoDB tables. It is only applicable to persistent optimizer statistics.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

  • innodb_stats_method

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-method=value
    System Variable innodb_stats_method
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Enumeration
    Default Value nulls_equal
    Valid Values

    nulls_equal

    nulls_unequal

    nulls_ignored

    How the server treats NULL values when collecting statistics about the distribution of index values for InnoDB tables. Permitted values are nulls_equal, nulls_unequal, and nulls_ignored. For nulls_equal, all NULL index values are considered equal and form a single value group with a size equal to the number of NULL values. For nulls_unequal, NULL values are considered unequal, and each NULL forms a distinct value group of size 1. For nulls_ignored, NULL values are ignored.

    The method used to generate table statistics influences how the optimizer chooses indexes for query execution, as described in Section 10.3.8, “InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection”.

  • innodb_stats_on_metadata

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-on-metadata[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_stats_on_metadata
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    This option only applies when optimizer statistics are configured to be non-persistent. Optimizer statistics are not persisted to disk when innodb_stats_persistent is disabled or when individual tables are created or altered with STATS_PERSISTENT=0. For more information, see Section 17.8.10.2, “Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

    When innodb_stats_on_metadata is enabled, InnoDB updates non-persistent statistics when metadata statements such as SHOW TABLE STATUS or when accessing the Information Schema TABLES or STATISTICS tables. (These updates are similar to what happens for ANALYZE TABLE.) When disabled, InnoDB does not update statistics during these operations. Leaving the setting disabled can improve access speed for schemas that have a large number of tables or indexes. It can also improve the stability of execution plans for queries that involve InnoDB tables.

    To change the setting, issue the statement SET GLOBAL innodb_stats_on_metadata=mode, where mode is either ON or OFF (or 1 or 0). Changing the setting requires privileges sufficient to set global system variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”) and immediately affects the operation of all connections.

  • innodb_stats_persistent

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-persistent[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_stats_persistent
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies whether InnoDB index statistics are persisted to disk. Otherwise, statistics may be recalculated frequently which can lead to variations in query execution plans. This setting is stored with each table when the table is created. You can set innodb_stats_persistent at the global level before creating a table, or use the STATS_PERSISTENT clause of the CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements to override the system-wide setting and configure persistent statistics for individual tables.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

  • innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-persistent-sample-pages=#
    System Variable innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 20
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 18446744073709551615

    The number of index pages to sample when estimating cardinality and other statistics for an indexed column, such as those calculated by ANALYZE TABLE. Increasing the value improves the accuracy of index statistics, which can improve the query execution plan, at the expense of increased I/O during the execution of ANALYZE TABLE for an InnoDB table. For more information, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

    Note

    Setting a high value for innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages could result in lengthy ANALYZE TABLE execution time. To estimate the number of database pages accessed by ANALYZE TABLE, see Section 17.8.10.3, “Estimating ANALYZE TABLE Complexity for InnoDB Tables”.

    innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages only applies when innodb_stats_persistent is enabled for a table; when innodb_stats_persistent is disabled, innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages applies instead.

  • innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages

    Command-Line Format --innodb-stats-transient-sample-pages=#
    System Variable innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 8
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 18446744073709551615

    The number of index pages to sample when estimating cardinality and other statistics for an indexed column, such as those calculated by ANALYZE TABLE. The default value is 8. Increasing the value improves the accuracy of index statistics, which can improve the query execution plan, at the expense of increased I/O when opening an InnoDB table or recalculating statistics. For more information, see Section 17.8.10.2, “Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

    Note

    Setting a high value for innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages could result in lengthy ANALYZE TABLE execution time. To estimate the number of database pages accessed by ANALYZE TABLE, see Section 17.8.10.3, “Estimating ANALYZE TABLE Complexity for InnoDB Tables”.

    innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages only applies when innodb_stats_persistent is disabled for a table; when innodb_stats_persistent is enabled, innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages applies instead. Takes the place of innodb_stats_sample_pages. For more information, see Section 17.8.10.2, “Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.

  • innodb_status_output

    Command-Line Format --innodb-status-output[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_status_output
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables or disables periodic output for the standard InnoDB Monitor. Also used in combination with innodb_status_output_locks to enable or disable periodic output for the InnoDB Lock Monitor. For more information, see Section 17.17.2, “Enabling InnoDB Monitors”.

  • innodb_status_output_locks

    Command-Line Format --innodb-status-output-locks[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_status_output_locks
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables or disables the InnoDB Lock Monitor. When enabled, the InnoDB Lock Monitor prints additional information about locks in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output and in periodic output printed to the MySQL error log. Periodic output for the InnoDB Lock Monitor is printed as part of the standard InnoDB Monitor output. The standard InnoDB Monitor must therefore be enabled for the InnoDB Lock Monitor to print data to the MySQL error log periodically. For more information, see Section 17.17.2, “Enabling InnoDB Monitors”.

  • innodb_strict_mode

    Command-Line Format --innodb-strict-mode[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_strict_mode
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    When innodb_strict_mode is enabled, InnoDB returns errors rather than warnings when checking for invalid or incompatible table options.

    It checks that KEY_BLOCK_SIZE, ROW_FORMAT, DATA DIRECTORY, TEMPORARY, and TABLESPACE options are compatible with each other and other settings.

    innodb_strict_mode=ON also enables a row size check when creating or altering a table, to prevent INSERT or UPDATE from failing due to the record being too large for the selected page size.

    You can enable or disable innodb_strict_mode on the command line when starting mysqld, or in a MySQL configuration file. You can also enable or disable innodb_strict_mode at runtime with the statement SET [GLOBAL|SESSION] innodb_strict_mode=mode, where mode is either ON or OFF. Changing the GLOBAL setting requires privileges sufficient to set global system variables (see Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”) and affects the operation of all clients that subsequently connect. Any client can change the SESSION setting for innodb_strict_mode, and the setting affects only that client.

    As of MySQL 8.0.26, setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

  • innodb_sync_array_size

    Command-Line Format --innodb-sync-array-size=#
    System Variable innodb_sync_array_size
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 1
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 1024

    Defines the size of the mutex/lock wait array. Increasing the value splits the internal data structure used to coordinate threads, for higher concurrency in workloads with large numbers of waiting threads. This setting must be configured when the MySQL instance is starting up, and cannot be changed afterward. Increasing the value is recommended for workloads that frequently produce a large number of waiting threads, typically greater than 768.

  • innodb_sync_spin_loops

    Command-Line Format --innodb-sync-spin-loops=#
    System Variable innodb_sync_spin_loops
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 30
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 4294967295

    The number of times a thread waits for an InnoDB mutex to be freed before the thread is suspended.

  • innodb_sync_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-sync-debug[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_sync_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Enables sync debug checking for the InnoDB storage engine. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_table_locks

    Command-Line Format --innodb-table-locks[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_table_locks
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    If autocommit = 0, InnoDB honors LOCK TABLES; MySQL does not return from LOCK TABLES ... WRITE until all other threads have released all their locks to the table. The default value of innodb_table_locks is 1, which means that LOCK TABLES causes InnoDB to lock a table internally if autocommit = 0.

    innodb_table_locks = 0 has no effect for tables locked explicitly with LOCK TABLES ... WRITE. It does have an effect for tables locked for read or write by LOCK TABLES ... WRITE implicitly (for example, through triggers) or by LOCK TABLES ... READ.

    For related information, see Section 17.7, “InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model”.

  • innodb_temp_data_file_path

    Command-Line Format --innodb-temp-data-file-path=file_name
    System Variable innodb_temp_data_file_path
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type String
    Default Value ibtmp1:12M:autoextend

    Defines the relative path, name, size, and attributes of global temporary tablespace data files. The global temporary tablespace stores rollback segments for changes made to user-created temporary tables.

    If no value is specified for innodb_temp_data_file_path, the default behavior is to create a single auto-extending data file named ibtmp1 in the innodb_data_home_dir directory. The initial file size is slightly larger than 12MB.

    The syntax for a global temporary tablespace data file specification includes the file name, file size, and autoextend and max attributes:

    file_name:file_size[:autoextend[:max:max_file_size]]

    The global temporary tablespace data file cannot have the same name as another InnoDB data file. Any inability or error creating the global temporary tablespace data file is treated as fatal and server startup is refused.

    File sizes are specified in KB, MB, or GB by appending K, M or G to the size value. The sum of file sizes must be slightly larger than 12MB.

    The size limit of individual files is determined by the operating system. File size can be more than 4GB on operating systems that support large files. Use of raw disk partitions for global temporary tablespace data files is not supported.

    The autoextend and max attributes can be used only for the data file specified last in the innodb_temp_data_file_path setting. For example:

    [mysqld]
    innodb_temp_data_file_path=ibtmp1:50M;ibtmp2:12M:autoextend:max:500M

    The autoextend option causes the data file to automatically increase in size when it runs out of free space. The autoextend increment is 64MB by default. To modify the increment, change the innodb_autoextend_increment variable setting.

    The directory path for global temporary tablespace data files is formed by concatenating the paths defined by innodb_data_home_dir and innodb_temp_data_file_path.

    Before running InnoDB in read-only mode, set innodb_temp_data_file_path to a location outside of the data directory. The path must be relative to the data directory. For example:

    --innodb-temp-data-file-path=../../../tmp/ibtmp1:12M:autoextend

    For more information, see Global Temporary Tablespace.

  • innodb_temp_tablespaces_dir

    Command-Line Format --innodb-temp-tablespaces-dir=dir_name
    Introduced 8.0.13
    System Variable innodb_temp_tablespaces_dir
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name
    Default Value #innodb_temp

    Defines the location where InnoDB creates a pool of session temporary tablespaces at startup. The default location is the #innodb_temp directory in the data directory. A fully qualified path or path relative to the data directory is permitted.

    As of MySQL 8.0.16, session temporary tablespaces always store user-created temporary tables and internal temporary tables created by the optimizer using InnoDB. (Previously, the on-disk storage engine for internal temporary tables was determined by the internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine system variable, which is no longer supported. See Storage Engine for On-Disk Internal Temporary Tables.)

    For more information, see Session Temporary Tablespaces.

  • innodb_thread_concurrency

    Command-Line Format --innodb-thread-concurrency=#
    System Variable innodb_thread_concurrency
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 1000

    Defines the maximum number of threads permitted inside of InnoDB. A value of 0 (the default) is interpreted as infinite concurrency (no limit). This variable is intended for performance tuning on high concurrency systems.

    InnoDB tries to keep the number of threads inside InnoDB less than or equal to the innodb_thread_concurrency limit. Threads waiting for locks are not counted in the number of concurrently executing threads.

    The correct setting depends on workload and computing environment. Consider setting this variable if your MySQL instance shares CPU resources with other applications or if your workload or number of concurrent users is growing. Test a range of values to determine the setting that provides the best performance. innodb_thread_concurrency is a dynamic variable, which permits experimenting with different settings on a live test system. If a particular setting performs poorly, you can quickly set innodb_thread_concurrency back to 0.

    Use the following guidelines to help find and maintain an appropriate setting:

    • If the number of concurrent user threads for a workload is consistently small and does not affect performance, set innodb_thread_concurrency=0 (no limit).

    • If your workload is consistently heavy or occasionally spikes, set an innodb_thread_concurrency value and adjust it until you find the number of threads that provides the best performance. For example, suppose that your system typically has 40 to 50 users, but periodically the number increases to 60, 70, or more. Through testing, you find that performance remains largely stable with a limit of 80 concurrent users. In this case, set innodb_thread_concurrency to 80.

    • If you do not want InnoDB to use more than a certain number of virtual CPUs for user threads (20 virtual CPUs, for example), set innodb_thread_concurrency to this number (or possibly lower, depending on performance testing). If your goal is to isolate MySQL from other applications, consider binding the mysqld process exclusively to the virtual CPUs. Be aware, however, that exclusive binding can result in non-optimal hardware usage if the mysqld process is not consistently busy. In this case, you can bind the mysqld process to the virtual CPUs but allow other applications to use some or all of the virtual CPUs.

      Note

      From an operating system perspective, using a resource management solution to manage how CPU time is shared among applications may be preferable to binding the mysqld process. For example, you could assign 90% of virtual CPU time to a given application while other critical processes are not running, and scale that value back to 40% when other critical processes are running.

    • In some cases, the optimal innodb_thread_concurrency setting can be smaller than the number of virtual CPUs.

    • An innodb_thread_concurrency value that is too high can cause performance regression due to increased contention on system internals and resources.

    • Monitor and analyze your system regularly. Changes to workload, number of users, or computing environment may require that you adjust the innodb_thread_concurrency setting.

    A value of 0 disables the queries inside InnoDB and queries in queue counters in the ROW OPERATIONS section of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output.

    For related information, see Section 17.8.4, “Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB”.

  • innodb_thread_sleep_delay

    Command-Line Format --innodb-thread-sleep-delay=#
    System Variable innodb_thread_sleep_delay
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 10000
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 1000000
    Unit microseconds

    How long InnoDB threads sleep before joining the InnoDB queue, in microseconds. The default value is 10000. A value of 0 disables sleep. You can set innodb_adaptive_max_sleep_delay to the highest value you would allow for innodb_thread_sleep_delay, and InnoDB automatically adjusts innodb_thread_sleep_delay up or down depending on current thread-scheduling activity. This dynamic adjustment helps the thread scheduling mechanism to work smoothly during times when the system is lightly loaded or when it is operating near full capacity.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.4, “Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB”.

  • innodb_tmpdir

    Command-Line Format --innodb-tmpdir=dir_name
    System Variable innodb_tmpdir
    Scope Global, Session
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name
    Default Value NULL

    Used to define an alternate directory for temporary sort files created during online ALTER TABLE operations that rebuild the table.

    Online ALTER TABLE operations that rebuild the table also create an intermediate table file in the same directory as the original table. The innodb_tmpdir option is not applicable to intermediate table files.

    A valid value is any directory path other than the MySQL data directory path. If the value is NULL (the default), temporary files are created MySQL temporary directory ($TMPDIR on Unix, %TEMP% on Windows, or the directory specified by the --tmpdir configuration option). If a directory is specified, existence of the directory and permissions are only checked when innodb_tmpdir is configured using a SET statement. If a symlink is provided in a directory string, the symlink is resolved and stored as an absolute path. The path should not exceed 512 bytes. An online ALTER TABLE operation reports an error if innodb_tmpdir is set to an invalid directory. innodb_tmpdir overrides the MySQL tmpdir setting but only for online ALTER TABLE operations.

    The FILE privilege is required to configure innodb_tmpdir.

    The innodb_tmpdir option was introduced to help avoid overflowing a temporary file directory located on a tmpfs file system. Such overflows could occur as a result of large temporary sort files created during online ALTER TABLE operations that rebuild the table.

    In replication environments, only consider replicating the innodb_tmpdir setting if all servers have the same operating system environment. Otherwise, replicating the innodb_tmpdir setting could result in a replication failure when running online ALTER TABLE operations that rebuild the table. If server operating environments differ, it is recommended that you configure innodb_tmpdir on each server individually.

    For more information, see Section 17.12.3, “Online DDL Space Requirements”. For information about online ALTER TABLE operations, see Section 17.12, “InnoDB and Online DDL”.

  • innodb_trx_purge_view_update_only_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-trx-purge-view-update-only-debug[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_trx_purge_view_update_only_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Pauses purging of delete-marked records while allowing the purge view to be updated. This option artificially creates a situation in which the purge view is updated but purges have not yet been performed. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_trx_rseg_n_slots_debug

    Command-Line Format --innodb-trx-rseg-n-slots-debug=#
    System Variable innodb_trx_rseg_n_slots_debug
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 0
    Minimum Value 0
    Maximum Value 1024

    Sets a debug flag that limits TRX_RSEG_N_SLOTS to a given value for the trx_rsegf_undo_find_free function that looks for free slots for undo log segments. This option is only available if debugging support is compiled in using the WITH_DEBUG CMake option.

  • innodb_undo_directory

    Command-Line Format --innodb-undo-directory=dir_name
    System Variable innodb_undo_directory
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Directory name

    The path where InnoDB creates undo tablespaces. Typically used to place undo tablespaces on a different storage device.

    There is no default value (it is NULL). If the innodb_undo_directory variable is undefined, undo tablespaces are created in the data directory.

    The default undo tablespaces (innodb_undo_001 and innodb_undo_002) created when the MySQL instance is initialized always reside in the directory defined by the innodb_undo_directory variable.

    Undo tablespaces created using CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE syntax are created in the directory defined by the innodb_undo_directory variable if a different path is not specified.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.3.4, “Undo Tablespaces”.

  • innodb_undo_log_encrypt

    Command-Line Format --innodb-undo-log-encrypt[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_undo_log_encrypt
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    Controls encryption of undo log data for tables encrypted using the InnoDB data-at-rest encryption feature. Only applies to undo logs that reside in separate undo tablespaces. See Section 17.6.3.4, “Undo Tablespaces”. Encryption is not supported for undo log data that resides in the system tablespace. For more information, see Undo Log Encryption.

  • innodb_undo_log_truncate

    Command-Line Format --innodb-undo-log-truncate[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_undo_log_truncate
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    When enabled, undo tablespaces that exceed the threshold value defined by innodb_max_undo_log_size are marked for truncation. Only undo tablespaces can be truncated. Truncating undo logs that reside in the system tablespace is not supported. For truncation to occur, there must be at least two undo tablespaces.

    The innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency variable can be used to expedite truncation of undo tablespaces.

    For more information, see Truncating Undo Tablespaces.

  • innodb_undo_tablespaces

    Command-Line Format --innodb-undo-tablespaces=#
    Deprecated Yes
    System Variable innodb_undo_tablespaces
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 2
    Minimum Value 2
    Maximum Value 127

    Defines the number of undo tablespaces used by InnoDB. The default and minimum value is 2.

    Note

    The innodb_undo_tablespaces variable is deprecated and is no longer configurable as of MySQL 8.0.14. Expect it to be removed in a future release.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.3.4, “Undo Tablespaces”.

  • innodb_use_fdatasync

    Command-Line Format --innodb-use-fdatasync[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.26
    System Variable innodb_use_fdatasync
    Scope Global
    Dynamic Yes
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value OFF

    On platforms that support fdatasync() system calls, enabling the innodb_use_fdatasync variable permits using fdatasync() instead of fsync() system calls for operating system flushes. An fdatasync() call does not flush changes to file metadata unless required for subsequent data retrieval, providing a potential performance benefit.

    A subset of innodb_flush_method settings such as fsync, O_DSYNC, and O_DIRECT use fsync() system calls. The innodb_use_fdatasync variable is applicable when using those settings.

  • innodb_use_native_aio

    Command-Line Format --innodb-use-native-aio[={OFF|ON}]
    System Variable innodb_use_native_aio
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Specifies whether to use the Linux asynchronous I/O subsystem. This variable applies to Linux systems only, and cannot be changed while the server is running. Normally, you do not need to configure this option, because it is enabled by default.

    The asynchronous I/O capability that InnoDB has on Windows systems is available on Linux systems. (Other Unix-like systems continue to use synchronous I/O calls.) This feature improves the scalability of heavily I/O-bound systems, which typically show many pending reads/writes in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\G output.

    Running with a large number of InnoDB I/O threads, and especially running multiple such instances on the same server machine, can exceed capacity limits on Linux systems. In this case, you may receive the following error:

    EAGAIN: The specified maxevents exceeds the user's limit of available events.

    You can typically address this error by writing a higher limit to /proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr.

    However, if a problem with the asynchronous I/O subsystem in the OS prevents InnoDB from starting, you can start the server with innodb_use_native_aio=0. This option may also be disabled automatically during startup if InnoDB detects a potential problem such as a combination of tmpdir location, tmpfs file system, and Linux kernel that does not support AIO on tmpfs.

    For more information, see Section 17.8.6, “Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux”.

  • innodb_validate_tablespace_paths

    Command-Line Format --innodb-validate-tablespace-paths[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced 8.0.21
    System Variable innodb_validate_tablespace_paths
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Boolean
    Default Value ON

    Controls tablespace file path validation. At startup, InnoDB validates the paths of known tablespace files against tablespace file paths stored in the data dictionary in case tablespace files have been moved to a different location. The innodb_validate_tablespace_paths variable permits disabling tablespace path validation. This feature is intended for environments where tablespaces files are not moved. Disabling path validation improves startup time on systems with a large number of tablespace files.

    Warning

    Starting the server with tablespace path validation disabled after moving tablespace files can lead to undefined behavior.

    For more information, see Section 17.6.3.7, “Disabling Tablespace Path Validation”.

  • innodb_version

    The InnoDB version number. In MySQL 8.0, separate version numbering for InnoDB does not apply and this value is the same the version number of the server.

  • innodb_write_io_threads

    Command-Line Format --innodb-write-io-threads=#
    System Variable innodb_write_io_threads
    Scope Global
    Dynamic No
    SET_VAR Hint Applies No
    Type Integer
    Default Value 4
    Minimum Value 1
    Maximum Value 64

    The number of I/O threads for write operations in InnoDB. The default value is 4. Its counterpart for read threads is innodb_read_io_threads. For more information, see Section 17.8.5, “Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads”. For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.

    Note

    On Linux systems, running multiple MySQL servers (typically more than 12) with default settings for innodb_read_io_threads, innodb_write_io_threads, and the Linux aio-max-nr setting can exceed system limits. Ideally, increase the aio-max-nr setting; as a workaround, you might reduce the settings for one or both of the MySQL variables.

    Also take into consideration the value of sync_binlog, which controls synchronization of the binary log to disk.

    For general I/O tuning advice, see Section 10.5.8, “Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O”.