3.6.1 Support for Encrypted Connections

This section describes how C applications use the C API capabilities for encrypted connections. By default, MySQL programs attempt to connect using encryption if the server supports encrypted connections, falling back to an unencrypted connection if an encrypted connection cannot be established (see Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections). For applications that require control beyond the default behavior over how encrypted connections are established, the C API provides these capabilities:

• The mysql_options() function enables applications to set the appropriate SSL/TLS options before calling mysql_real_connect(). For example, to require the use of an encrypted connection, see Enforcing an Encrypted Connection.

• The mysql_get_ssl_cipher() function enables applications to determine, after a connection has been established, whether the connection uses encryption. A NULL return value indicates that encryption is not being used. A non-NULL return value indicates an encrypted connection and names the encryption cipher. See Section 5.4.36, “mysql_get_ssl_cipher()”.

• Options for Encrypted Connections

• Enforcing an Encrypted Connection

• Improving Security of Encrypted Connections

Options for Encrypted Connections

mysql_options() provides the following options for control over use of encrypted connections. For option details, see Section 5.4.54, “mysql_options()”.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CA: The path name of the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate file. This option, if used, must specify the same certificate used by the server.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CAPATH: The path name of the directory that contains trusted SSL CA certificate files.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CERT: The path name of the client public key certificate file.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CIPHER: The list of encryption ciphers the client permits for connections that use TLS protocols up through TLSv1.2.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CRL: The path name of the file containing certificate revocation lists.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CRLPATH: The path name of the directory that contains certificate revocation list files.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_KEY: The path name of the client private key file.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_MODE: The connection security state.

• MYSQL_OPT_SSL_SESSION_DATA : Serialized session data from an encrypted connection that was returned by a call to the mysql_get_ssl_session_data() function while the connection was active.

• MYSQL_OPT_TLS_CIPHERSUITES: The list of encryption ciphersuites the client permits for connections that use TLSv1.3.

• MYSQL_OPT_TLS_VERSION: The encryption protocols the client permits.

The deprecated mysql_ssl_set() function can be used as a convenience routine that is equivalent to a set of mysql_options() calls that specify certificate and key files, encryption ciphers, and so forth. See Section 5.4.82, “mysql_ssl_set()”.

Enforcing an Encrypted Connection

mysql_options() options for information such as SSL certificate and key files are used to establish an encrypted connection if such connections are available, but do not enforce any requirement that the connection obtained be encrypted. To require an encrypted connection, use the following technique:

1. Call mysql_options() as necessary supply the appropriate SSL parameters (certificate and key files, encryption ciphers, and so forth).

2. Call mysql_options() to pass the MYSQL_OPT_SSL_MODE option with a value of SSL_MODE_REQUIRED or one of the more-restrictive option values.

3. Call mysql_real_connect() to connect to the server. The call fails if an encrypted connection cannot be obtained; exit with an error.

Improving Security of Encrypted Connections

For additional security relative to that provided by the default encryption, clients can supply a CA certificate matching the one used by the server and enable host name identity verification. In this way, the server and client place their trust in the same CA certificate and the client verifies that the host to which it connected is the one intended:

• To specify the CA certificate, call mysql_options() to pass the MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CA (or MYSQL_OPT_SSL_CAPATH) option, and call mysql_options() to pass the MYSQL_OPT_SSL_MODE option with a value of SSL_MODE_VERIFY_CA.

• To enable host name identity verification as well, call mysql_options() to pass the MYSQL_OPT_SSL_MODE option with a value of SSL_MODE_VERIFY_IDENTITY rather than SSL_MODE_VERIFY_CA.

Note

Host name identity verification with SSL_MODE_VERIFY_IDENTITY does not work with self-signed certificates created automatically by the server, or manually using mysql_ssl_rsa_setup (see Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL). Such self-signed certificates do not contain the server name as the Common Name value.

Host name identity verification also does not work with certificates that specify the Common Name using wildcards because that name is compared verbatim to the server name.