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15.1.20 CREATE TABLE Statement

15.1.20.1 Files Created by CREATE TABLE
15.1.20.2 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Statement
15.1.20.3 CREATE TABLE ... LIKE Statement
15.1.20.4 CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statement
15.1.20.5 FOREIGN KEY Constraints
15.1.20.6 CHECK Constraints
15.1.20.7 Silent Column Specification Changes
15.1.20.8 CREATE TABLE and Generated Columns
15.1.20.9 Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns
15.1.20.10 Invisible Columns
15.1.20.11 Generated Invisible Primary Keys
15.1.20.12 Setting NDB Comment Options

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]
    [IGNORE | REPLACE]
    [AS] query_expression

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    { LIKE old_tbl_name | (LIKE old_tbl_name) }

create_definition: {
    col_name column_definition
  | {INDEX | KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | {FULLTEXT | SPATIAL} [INDEX | KEY] [index_name] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY
      [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX | KEY]
      [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
      [index_name] (col_name,...)
      reference_definition
  | check_constraint_definition
}

column_definition: {
    data_type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT {literal | (expr)} ]
      [VISIBLE | INVISIBLE]
      [AUTO_INCREMENT] [UNIQUE [KEY]] [[PRIMARY] KEY]
      [COMMENT 'string']
      [COLLATE collation_name]
      [COLUMN_FORMAT {FIXED | DYNAMIC | DEFAULT}]
      [ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string']
      [SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string']
      [STORAGE {DISK | MEMORY}]
      [reference_definition]
      [check_constraint_definition]
  | data_type
      [COLLATE collation_name]
      [GENERATED ALWAYS] AS (expr)
      [VIRTUAL | STORED] [NOT NULL | NULL]
      [VISIBLE | INVISIBLE]
      [UNIQUE [KEY]] [[PRIMARY] KEY]
      [COMMENT 'string']
      [reference_definition]
      [check_constraint_definition]
}

data_type:
    (see Chapter 13, Data Types)

key_part: {col_name [(length)] | (expr)} [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH}

index_option: {
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | index_type
  | WITH PARSER parser_name
  | COMMENT 'string'
  | {VISIBLE | INVISIBLE}
  |ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string'
  |SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string'
}

check_constraint_definition:
    [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] CHECK (expr) [[NOT] ENFORCED]

reference_definition:
    REFERENCES tbl_name (key_part,...)
      [MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE]
      [ON DELETE reference_option]
      [ON UPDATE reference_option]

reference_option:
    RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT

table_options:
    table_option [[,] table_option] ...

table_option: {
    AUTOEXTEND_SIZE [=] value
  | AUTO_INCREMENT [=] value
  | AVG_ROW_LENGTH [=] value
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
  | CHECKSUM [=] {0 | 1}
  | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
  | COMMENT [=] 'string'
  | COMPRESSION [=] {'ZLIB' | 'LZ4' | 'NONE'}
  | CONNECTION [=] 'connect_string'
  | {DATA | INDEX} DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
  | DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] {0 | 1}
  | ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
  | ENGINE [=] engine_name
  | ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string'
  | INSERT_METHOD [=] { NO | FIRST | LAST }
  | KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | MAX_ROWS [=] value
  | MIN_ROWS [=] value
  | PACK_KEYS [=] {0 | 1 | DEFAULT}
  | PASSWORD [=] 'string'
  | ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT | DYNAMIC | FIXED | COMPRESSED | REDUNDANT | COMPACT}
  | START TRANSACTION 
  | SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE [=] 'string'
  | STATS_AUTO_RECALC [=] {DEFAULT | 0 | 1}
  | STATS_PERSISTENT [=] {DEFAULT | 0 | 1}
  | STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES [=] value
  | tablespace_option
  | UNION [=] (tbl_name[,tbl_name]...)
}

partition_options:
    PARTITION BY
        { [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
        | [LINEAR] KEY [ALGORITHM={1 | 2}] (column_list)
        | RANGE{(expr) | COLUMNS(column_list)}
        | LIST{(expr) | COLUMNS(column_list)} }
    [PARTITIONS num]
    [SUBPARTITION BY
        { [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
        | [LINEAR] KEY [ALGORITHM={1 | 2}] (column_list) }
      [SUBPARTITIONS num]
    ]
    [(partition_definition [, partition_definition] ...)]

partition_definition:
    PARTITION partition_name
        [VALUES
            {LESS THAN {(expr | value_list) | MAXVALUE}
            |
            IN (value_list)}]
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine_name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'string' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name]
        [(subpartition_definition [, subpartition_definition] ...)]

subpartition_definition:
    SUBPARTITION logical_name
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine_name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'string' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name]

tablespace_option:
    TABLESPACE tablespace_name [STORAGE DISK]
  | [TABLESPACE tablespace_name] STORAGE MEMORY

query_expression:
    SELECT ...   (Some valid select or union statement)

CREATE TABLE creates a table with the given name. You must have the CREATE privilege for the table.

By default, tables are created in the default database, using the InnoDB storage engine. An error occurs if the table exists, if there is no default database, or if the database does not exist.

MySQL has no limit on the number of tables. The underlying file system may have a limit on the number of files that represent tables. Individual storage engines may impose engine-specific constraints. InnoDB permits up to 4 billion tables.

For information about the physical representation of a table, see Section 15.1.20.1, “Files Created by CREATE TABLE”.

There are several aspects to the CREATE TABLE statement, described under the following topics in this section:

Table Name

tbl_name
The table name can be specified as db_name.tbl_name to create the table in a specific database. This works regardless of whether there is a default database, assuming that the database exists. If you use quoted identifiers, quote the database and table names separately. For example, write `mydb`.`mytbl`, not `mydb.mytbl`.
Rules for permissible table names are given in Section 11.2, “Schema Object Names”.
IF NOT EXISTS
Prevents an error from occurring if the table exists. However, there is no verification that the existing table has a structure identical to that indicated by the CREATE TABLE statement.

Temporary Tables

You can use the TEMPORARY keyword when creating a table. A TEMPORARY table is visible only within the current session, and is dropped automatically when the session is closed. For more information, see Section 15.1.20.2, “CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Statement”.

Table Cloning and Copying

LIKE
Use CREATE TABLE ... LIKE to create an empty table based on the definition of another table, including any column attributes and indexes defined in the original table:
```
CREATE TABLE new_tbl LIKE orig_tbl;
```
For more information, see Section 15.1.20.3, “CREATE TABLE ... LIKE Statement”.
[AS] query_expression
To create one table from another, add a SELECT statement at the end of the CREATE TABLE statement:
```
CREATE TABLE new_tbl AS SELECT * FROM orig_tbl;
```
For more information, see Section 15.1.20.4, “CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statement”.
IGNORE | REPLACE
The IGNORE and REPLACE options indicate how to handle rows that duplicate unique key values when copying a table using a SELECT statement.
For more information, see Section 15.1.20.4, “CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statement”.

Column Data Types and Attributes

There is a hard limit of 4096 columns per table, but the effective maximum may be less for a given table and depends on the factors discussed in Section 10.4.7, “Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size”.

data_type
data_type represents the data type in a column definition. For a full description of the syntax available for specifying column data types, as well as information about the properties of each type, see Chapter 13, Data Types.
- AUTO_INCREMENT applies only to integer types.
- Character data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, the TEXT types, ENUM, SET, and any synonyms) can include CHARACTER SET to specify the character set for the column. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET. A collation for the character set can be specified with the COLLATE attribute, along with any other attributes. For details, see Chapter 12, Character Sets, Collations, Unicode. Example:
```
CREATE TABLE t (c CHAR(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin);
```
  MySQL 9.0 interprets length specifications in character column definitions in characters. Lengths for BINARY and VARBINARY are in bytes.
- For CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, and VARBINARY columns, indexes can be created that use only the leading part of column values, using col_name(length) syntax to specify an index prefix length. BLOB and TEXT columns also can be indexed, but a prefix length must be given. Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes for binary string types. That is, index entries consist of the first length characters of each column value for CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns, and the first length bytes of each column value for BINARY, VARBINARY, and BLOB columns. Indexing only a prefix of column values like this can make the index file much smaller. For additional information about index prefixes, see Section 15.1.15, “CREATE INDEX Statement”.
  Only the InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines support indexing on BLOB and TEXT columns. For example:
```
CREATE TABLE test (blob_col BLOB, INDEX(blob_col(10)));
```
  If a specified index prefix exceeds the maximum column data type size, CREATE TABLE handles the index as follows:
  - For a nonunique index, either an error occurs (if strict SQL mode is enabled), or the index length is reduced to lie within the maximum column data type size and a warning is produced (if strict SQL mode is not enabled).
  - For a unique index, an error occurs regardless of SQL mode because reducing the index length might enable insertion of nonunique entries that do not meet the specified uniqueness requirement.
- JSON columns cannot be indexed. You can work around this restriction by creating an index on a generated column that extracts a scalar value from the JSON column. See Indexing a Generated Column to Provide a JSON Column Index, for a detailed example.
NOT NULL | NULL
If neither NULL nor NOT NULL is specified, the column is treated as though NULL had been specified.
In MySQL 9.0, only the InnoDB, MyISAM, and MEMORY storage engines support indexes on columns that can have NULL values. In other cases, you must declare indexed columns as NOT NULL or an error results.
DEFAULT
Specifies a default value for a column. For more information about default value handling, including the case that a column definition includes no explicit DEFAULT value, see Section 13.6, “Data Type Default Values”.
If the NO_ZERO_DATE or NO_ZERO_IN_DATE SQL mode is enabled and a date-valued default is not correct according to that mode, CREATE TABLE produces a warning if strict SQL mode is not enabled and an error if strict mode is enabled. For example, with NO_ZERO_IN_DATE enabled, c1 DATE DEFAULT '2010-00-00' produces a warning.
VISIBLE, INVISIBLE
Specify column visibility. The default is VISIBLE if neither keyword is present. A table must have at least one visible column. Attempting to make all columns invisible produces an error. For more information, see Section 15.1.20.10, “Invisible Columns”.
AUTO_INCREMENT
An integer column can have the additional attribute AUTO_INCREMENT. When you insert a value of NULL (recommended) or 0 into an indexed AUTO_INCREMENT column, the column is set to the next sequence value. Typically this is value+1, where value is the largest value for the column currently in the table. AUTO_INCREMENT sequences begin with 1.
To retrieve an AUTO_INCREMENT value after inserting a row, use the LAST_INSERT_ID() SQL function or the mysql_insert_id() C API function. See Section 14.15, “Information Functions”, and mysql_insert_id().
If the NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode is enabled, you can store 0 in AUTO_INCREMENT columns as 0 without generating a new sequence value. See Section 7.1.11, “Server SQL Modes”.
There can be only one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table, it must be indexed, and it cannot have a DEFAULT value. An AUTO_INCREMENT column works properly only if it contains only positive values. Inserting a negative number is regarded as inserting a very large positive number. This is done to avoid precision problems when numbers “wrap” over from positive to negative and also to ensure that you do not accidentally get an AUTO_INCREMENT column that contains 0.
For MyISAM tables, you can specify an AUTO_INCREMENT secondary column in a multiple-column key. See Section 5.6.9, “Using AUTO_INCREMENT”.
To make MySQL compatible with some ODBC applications, you can find the AUTO_INCREMENT value for the last inserted row with the following query:
```
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto_col IS NULL
```
This method requires that sql_auto_is_null variable is not set to 0. See Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”.
For information about InnoDB and AUTO_INCREMENT, see Section 17.6.1.6, “AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB”. For information about AUTO_INCREMENT and MySQL Replication, see Section 19.5.1.1, “Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT”.
COMMENT
A comment for a column can be specified with the COMMENT option, up to 1024 characters long. The comment is displayed by the SHOW CREATE TABLE and SHOW FULL COLUMNS statements. It is also shown in the COLUMN_COMMENT column of the Information Schema COLUMNS table.
COLUMN_FORMAT
In NDB Cluster, it is also possible to specify a data storage format for individual columns of NDB tables using COLUMN_FORMAT. Permissible column formats are FIXED, DYNAMIC, and DEFAULT. FIXED is used to specify fixed-width storage, DYNAMIC permits the column to be variable-width, and DEFAULT causes the column to use fixed-width or variable-width storage as determined by the column's data type (possibly overridden by a ROW_FORMAT specifier).
For NDB tables, the default value for COLUMN_FORMAT is FIXED.
In NDB Cluster, the maximum possible offset for a column defined with COLUMN_FORMAT=FIXED is 8188 bytes. For more information and possible workarounds, see Section 25.2.7.5, “Limits Associated with Database Objects in NDB Cluster”.
COLUMN_FORMAT currently has no effect on columns of tables using storage engines other than NDB. MySQL 9.0 silently ignores COLUMN_FORMAT.
ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE options are used to specify column attributes for primary and secondary storage engines. The options are reserved for future use.
The value assigned to this option is a string literal containing a valid JSON document or an empty string (''). Invalid JSON is rejected.
```
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE='{"key":"value"}');
```
ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE values can be repeated without error. In this case, the last specified value is used.
ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE values are not checked by the server, nor are they cleared when the table's storage engine is changed.
STORAGE
For NDB tables, it is possible to specify whether the column is stored on disk or in memory by using a STORAGE clause. STORAGE DISK causes the column to be stored on disk, and STORAGE MEMORY causes in-memory storage to be used. The CREATE TABLE statement used must still include a TABLESPACE clause:
```
mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (
    ->     c1 INT STORAGE DISK,
    ->     c2 INT STORAGE MEMORY
    -> ) ENGINE NDB;
ERROR 1005 (HY000): Can't create table 'c.t1' (errno: 140)

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (
    ->     c1 INT STORAGE DISK,
    ->     c2 INT STORAGE MEMORY
    -> ) TABLESPACE ts_1 ENGINE NDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.06 sec)
```
For NDB tables, STORAGE DEFAULT is equivalent to STORAGE MEMORY.
The STORAGE clause has no effect on tables using storage engines other than NDB. The STORAGE keyword is supported only in the build of mysqld that is supplied with NDB Cluster; it is not recognized in any other version of MySQL, where any attempt to use the STORAGE keyword causes a syntax error.
GENERATED ALWAYS
Used to specify a generated column expression. For information about generated columns, see Section 15.1.20.8, “CREATE TABLE and Generated Columns”.
Stored generated columns can be indexed. InnoDB supports secondary indexes on virtual generated columns. See Section 15.1.20.9, “Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns”.

Indexes, Foreign Keys, and CHECK Constraints

Several keywords apply to creation of indexes, foreign keys, and CHECK constraints. For general background in addition to the following descriptions, see Section 15.1.15, “CREATE INDEX Statement”, Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”, and Section 15.1.20.6, “CHECK Constraints”.

CONSTRAINT symbol
The CONSTRAINT symbol clause may be given to name a constraint. If the clause is not given, or a symbol is not included following the CONSTRAINT keyword, MySQL automatically generates a constraint name, with the exception noted below. The symbol value, if used, must be unique per schema (database), per constraint type. A duplicate symbol results in an error. See also the discussion about length limits of generated constraint identifiers at Section 11.2.1, “Identifier Length Limits”.

Note

If the CONSTRAINT symbol clause is not given in a foreign key definition, or a symbol is not included following the CONSTRAINT keyword, MySQL automatically generates a constraint name.

The SQL standard specifies that all types of constraints (primary key, unique index, foreign key, check) belong to the same namespace. In MySQL, each constraint type has its own namespace per schema. Consequently, names for each type of constraint must be unique per schema, but constraints of different types can have the same name.
PRIMARY KEY
A unique index where all key columns must be defined as NOT NULL. If they are not explicitly declared as NOT NULL, MySQL declares them so implicitly (and silently). A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY. The name of a PRIMARY KEY is always PRIMARY, which thus cannot be used as the name for any other kind of index.
If you do not have a PRIMARY KEY and an application asks for the PRIMARY KEY in your tables, MySQL returns the first UNIQUE index that has no NULL columns as the PRIMARY KEY.
In InnoDB tables, keep the PRIMARY KEY short to minimize storage overhead for secondary indexes. Each secondary index entry contains a copy of the primary key columns for the corresponding row. (See Section 17.6.2.1, “Clustered and Secondary Indexes”.)
In the created table, a PRIMARY KEY is placed first, followed by all UNIQUE indexes, and then the nonunique indexes. This helps the MySQL optimizer to prioritize which index to use and also more quickly to detect duplicated UNIQUE keys.
A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. However, you cannot create a multiple-column index using the PRIMARY KEY key attribute in a column specification. Doing so only marks that single column as primary. You must use a separate PRIMARY KEY(key_part, ...) clause.
If a table has a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE NOT NULL index that consists of a single column that has an integer type, you can use _rowid to refer to the indexed column in SELECT statements, as described in Unique Indexes.
In MySQL, the name of a PRIMARY KEY is PRIMARY. For other indexes, if you do not assign a name, the index is assigned the same name as the first indexed column, with an optional suffix (_2, _3, ...) to make it unique. You can see index names for a table using SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name. See Section 15.7.7.23, “SHOW INDEX Statement”.
KEY | INDEX
KEY is normally a synonym for INDEX. The key attribute PRIMARY KEY can also be specified as just KEY when given in a column definition. This was implemented for compatibility with other database systems.
UNIQUE
A UNIQUE index creates a constraint such that all values in the index must be distinct. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key value that matches an existing row. For all engines, a UNIQUE index permits multiple NULL values for columns that can contain NULL. If you specify a prefix value for a column in a UNIQUE index, the column values must be unique within the prefix length.
If a table has a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE NOT NULL index that consists of a single column that has an integer type, you can use _rowid to refer to the indexed column in SELECT statements, as described in Unique Indexes.
FULLTEXT
A FULLTEXT index is a special type of index used for full-text searches. Only the InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines support FULLTEXT indexes. They can be created only from CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns. Indexing always happens over the entire column; column prefix indexing is not supported and any prefix length is ignored if specified. See Section 14.9, “Full-Text Search Functions”, for details of operation. A WITH PARSER clause can be specified as an index_option value to associate a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. This clause is valid only for FULLTEXT indexes. InnoDB and MyISAM support full-text parser plugins. See Full-Text Parser Plugins and Writing Full-Text Parser Plugins for more information.
SPATIAL
You can create SPATIAL indexes on spatial data types. Spatial types are supported only for InnoDB and MyISAM tables, and indexed columns must be declared as NOT NULL. See Section 13.4, “Spatial Data Types”.
FOREIGN KEY
MySQL supports foreign keys, which let you cross-reference related data across tables, and foreign key constraints, which help keep this spread-out data consistent. For definition and option information, see reference_definition, and reference_option.
Partitioned tables employing the InnoDB storage engine do not support foreign keys. See Section 26.6, “Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning”, for more information.
CHECK
The CHECK clause enables the creation of constraints to be checked for data values in table rows. See Section 15.1.20.6, “CHECK Constraints”.
key_part
- A key_part specification can end with ASC or DESC to specify whether index values are stored in ascending or descending order. The default is ascending if no order specifier is given.
- Prefixes, defined by the length attribute, can be up to 767 bytes long for InnoDB tables that use the REDUNDANT or COMPACT row format. The prefix length limit is 3072 bytes for InnoDB tables that use the DYNAMIC or COMPRESSED row format. For MyISAM tables, the prefix length limit is 1000 bytes.
  Prefix limits are measured in bytes. However, prefix lengths for index specifications in CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and CREATE INDEX statements are interpreted as number of characters for nonbinary string types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT) and number of bytes for binary string types (BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB). Take this into account when specifying a prefix length for a nonbinary string column that uses a multibyte character set.
- The expr for a key_part specification can take the form (CAST json_path AS type ARRAY) to create a multi-valued index on a JSON column. Multi-Valued Indexes, provides detailed information regarding creation of, usage of, and restrictions and limitations on multi-valued indexes.
index_type
Some storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating an index. The syntax for the index_type specifier is USING type_name.
Example:
```
CREATE TABLE lookup
  (id INT, INDEX USING BTREE (id)
) ENGINE = MEMORY;
```
The preferred position for USING is after the index column list. It can be given before the column list, but support for use of the option in that position is deprecated and you should expect it to be removed in a future MySQL release.
index_option
index_option values specify additional options for an index.
- KEY_BLOCK_SIZE
  For MyISAM tables, KEY_BLOCK_SIZE optionally specifies the size in bytes to use for index key blocks. The value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used if necessary. A KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value specified for an individual index definition overrides the table-level KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value.
  For information about the table-level KEY_BLOCK_SIZE attribute, see Table Options.
- WITH PARSER
  The WITH PARSER option can be used only with FULLTEXT indexes. It associates a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. InnoDB and MyISAM support full-text parser plugins. If you have a MyISAM table with an associated full-text parser plugin, you can convert the table to InnoDB using ALTER TABLE.
- COMMENT
  Index definitions can include an optional comment of up to 1024 characters.
  You can set the InnoDB MERGE_THRESHOLD value for an individual index using the index_option COMMENT clause. See Section 17.8.11, “Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages”.
- VISIBLE, INVISIBLE
  Specify index visibility. Indexes are visible by default. An invisible index is not used by the optimizer. Specification of index visibility applies to indexes other than primary keys (either explicit or implicit). For more information, see Section 10.3.12, “Invisible Indexes”.
- ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE options are used to specify index attributes for primary and secondary storage engines. The options are reserved for future use.
For more information about permissible index_option values, see Section 15.1.15, “CREATE INDEX Statement”. For more information about indexes, see Section 10.3.1, “How MySQL Uses Indexes”.
reference_definition
For reference_definition syntax details and examples, see Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.
InnoDB and NDB tables support checking of foreign key constraints. The columns of the referenced table must always be explicitly named. Both ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions on foreign keys are supported. For more detailed information and examples, see Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.
For other storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY syntax in CREATE TABLE statements.

Important

For users familiar with the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard, please note that no storage engine, including InnoDB, recognizes or enforces the MATCH clause used in referential integrity constraint definitions. Use of an explicit MATCH clause does not have the specified effect, and also causes ON DELETE and ON UPDATE clauses to be ignored. For these reasons, specifying MATCH should be avoided.
The MATCH clause in the SQL standard controls how NULL values in a composite (multiple-column) foreign key are handled when comparing to a primary key. InnoDB essentially implements the semantics defined by MATCH SIMPLE, which permit a foreign key to be all or partially NULL. In that case, the (child table) row containing such a foreign key is permitted to be inserted, and does not match any row in the referenced (parent) table. It is possible to implement other semantics using triggers.
Additionally, MySQL requires that the referenced columns be indexed for performance. However, InnoDB does not enforce any requirement that the referenced columns be declared UNIQUE or NOT NULL. The handling of foreign key references to nonunique keys or keys that contain NULL values is not well defined for operations such as UPDATE or DELETE CASCADE. You are advised to use foreign keys that reference only keys that are both UNIQUE (or PRIMARY) and NOT NULL.
MySQL accepts “inline REFERENCES specifications” (as defined in the SQL standard) where the references are defined as part of the column specification. MySQL also accepts implicit references to the parent table's primary key. For more information, see Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”, as well as Section 1.7.2.3, “FOREIGN KEY Constraint Differences”.
reference_option
For information about the RESTRICT, CASCADE, SET NULL, NO ACTION, and SET DEFAULT options, see Section 15.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.

Table Options

Table options are used to optimize the behavior of the table. In most cases, you do not have to specify any of them. These options apply to all storage engines unless otherwise indicated. Options that do not apply to a given storage engine may be accepted and remembered as part of the table definition. Such options then apply if you later use ALTER TABLE to convert the table to use a different storage engine.

ENGINE

Specifies the storage engine for the table, using one of the names shown in the following table. The engine name can be unquoted or quoted. The quoted name 'DEFAULT' is recognized but ignored.

Storage Engine	Description
`InnoDB`	Transaction-safe tables with row locking and foreign keys. The default storage engine for new tables. See Chapter 17, The InnoDB Storage Engine, and in particular Section 17.1, “Introduction to InnoDB” if you have MySQL experience but are new to `InnoDB`.
`MyISAM`	The binary portable storage engine that is primarily used for read-only or read-mostly workloads. See Section 18.2, “The MyISAM Storage Engine”.
`MEMORY`	The data for this storage engine is stored only in memory. See Section 18.3, “The MEMORY Storage Engine”.
`CSV`	Tables that store rows in comma-separated values format. See Section 18.4, “The CSV Storage Engine”.
`ARCHIVE`	The archiving storage engine. See Section 18.5, “The ARCHIVE Storage Engine”.
`EXAMPLE`	An example engine. See Section 18.9, “The EXAMPLE Storage Engine”.
`FEDERATED`	Storage engine that accesses remote tables. See Section 18.8, “The FEDERATED Storage Engine”.
`HEAP`	This is a synonym for `MEMORY`.
`MERGE`	A collection of `MyISAM` tables used as one table. Also known as `MRG_MyISAM`. See Section 18.7, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.
`NDB`	Clustered, fault-tolerant, memory-based tables, supporting transactions and foreign keys. Also known as `NDBCLUSTER`. See Chapter 25, MySQL NDB Cluster 9.0.

By default, if a storage engine is specified that is not available, the statement fails with an error. You can override this behavior by removing NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION from the server SQL mode (see Section 7.1.11, “Server SQL Modes”) so that MySQL allows substitution of the specified engine with the default storage engine instead. Normally in such cases, this is InnoDB, which is the default value for the default_storage_engine system variable. When NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION is disabled, a warning occurs if the storage engine specification is not honored.

AUTOEXTEND_SIZE
Defines the amount by which InnoDB extends the size of the tablespace when it becomes full. The setting must be a multiple of 4MB. The default setting is 0, which causes the tablespace to be extended according to the implicit default behavior. For more information, see Section 17.6.3.9, “Tablespace AUTOEXTEND_SIZE Configuration”.
AUTO_INCREMENT
The initial AUTO_INCREMENT value for the table. In MySQL 9.0, this works for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB, and ARCHIVE tables. To set the first auto-increment value for engines that do not support the AUTO_INCREMENT table option, insert a “dummy” row with a value one less than the desired value after creating the table, and then delete the dummy row.
For engines that support the AUTO_INCREMENT table option in CREATE TABLE statements, you can also use ALTER TABLE tbl_name AUTO_INCREMENT = N to reset the AUTO_INCREMENT value. The value cannot be set lower than the maximum value currently in the column.
AVG_ROW_LENGTH
An approximation of the average row length for your table. You need to set this only for large tables with variable-size rows.
When you create a MyISAM table, MySQL uses the product of the MAX_ROWS and AVG_ROW_LENGTH options to decide how big the resulting table is. If you don't specify either option, the maximum size for MyISAM data and index files is 256TB by default. (If your operating system does not support files that large, table sizes are constrained by the file size limit.) If you want to keep down the pointer sizes to make the index smaller and faster and you don't really need big files, you can decrease the default pointer size by setting the myisam_data_pointer_size system variable. (See Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”.) If you want all your tables to be able to grow above the default limit and are willing to have your tables slightly slower and larger than necessary, you can increase the default pointer size by setting this variable. Setting the value to 7 permits table sizes up to 65,536TB.
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET
Specifies a default character set for the table. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET. If the character set name is DEFAULT, the database character set is used.
CHECKSUM
Set this to 1 if you want MySQL to maintain a live checksum for all rows (that is, a checksum that MySQL updates automatically as the table changes). This makes the table a little slower to update, but also makes it easier to find corrupted tables. The CHECKSUM TABLE statement reports the checksum. (MyISAM only.)
[DEFAULT] COLLATE
Specifies a default collation for the table.
COMMENT
A comment for the table, up to 2048 characters long.
You can set the InnoDB MERGE_THRESHOLD value for a table using the table_option COMMENT clause. See Section 17.8.11, “Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages”.
Setting NDB_TABLE options. The table comment in a CREATE TABLE that creates an NDB table or an ALTER TABLE statement which alters one can also be used to specify one to four of the NDB_TABLE options NOLOGGING, READ_BACKUP, PARTITION_BALANCE, or FULLY_REPLICATED as a set of name-value pairs, separated by commas if need be, immediately following the string NDB_TABLE= that begins the quoted comment text. An example statement using this syntax is shown here (emphasized text):
```
CREATE TABLE t1 (
    c1 INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    c2 VARCHAR(100),
    c3 VARCHAR(100) )
ENGINE=NDB
COMMENT="NDB_TABLE=READ_BACKUP=0,PARTITION_BALANCE=FOR_RP_BY_NODE";
```
Spaces are not permitted within the quoted string. The string is case-insensitive.
The comment is displayed as part of the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE. The text of the comment is also available as the TABLE_COMMENT column of the MySQL Information Schema TABLES table.
This comment syntax is also supported with ALTER TABLE statements for NDB tables. Keep in mind that a table comment used with ALTER TABLE replaces any existing comment which the table might have had previously.
Setting the MERGE_THRESHOLD option in table comments is not supported for NDB tables (it is ignored).
For complete syntax information and examples, see Section 15.1.20.12, “Setting NDB Comment Options”.
COMPRESSION
The compression algorithm used for page level compression for InnoDB tables. Supported values include Zlib, LZ4, and None. The COMPRESSION attribute was introduced with the transparent page compression feature. Page compression is only supported with InnoDB tables that reside in file-per-table tablespaces, and is only available on Linux and Windows platforms that support sparse files and hole punching. For more information, see Section 17.9.2, “InnoDB Page Compression”.
CONNECTION
The connection string for a FEDERATED table.

Note

Older versions of MySQL used a COMMENT option for the connection string.
DATA DIRECTORY, INDEX DIRECTORY
For InnoDB, the DATA DIRECTORY='directory' clause permits creating tables outside of the data directory. The innodb_file_per_table variable must be enabled to use the DATA DIRECTORY clause. The full directory path must be specified, and known to InnoDB. For more information, see Section 17.6.1.2, “Creating Tables Externally”.
When creating MyISAM tables, you can use the DATA DIRECTORY='directory' clause, the INDEX DIRECTORY='directory' clause, or both. They specify where to put a MyISAM table's data file and index file, respectively. Unlike InnoDB tables, MySQL does not create subdirectories that correspond to the database name when creating a MyISAM table with a DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY option. Files are created in the directory that is specified.
You must have the FILE privilege to use the DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY table option.

Important

Table-level DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY options are ignored for partitioned tables. (Bug #32091)

These options work only when you are not using the --skip-symbolic-links option. Your operating system must also have a working, thread-safe realpath() call. See Section 10.12.2.2, “Using Symbolic Links for MyISAM Tables on Unix”, for more complete information.
If a MyISAM table is created with no DATA DIRECTORY option, the .MYD file is created in the database directory. By default, if MyISAM finds an existing .MYD file in this case, it overwrites it. The same applies to .MYI files for tables created with no INDEX DIRECTORY option. To suppress this behavior, start the server with the --keep_files_on_create option, in which case MyISAM does not overwrite existing files and returns an error instead.
If a MyISAM table is created with a DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY option and an existing .MYD or .MYI file is found, MyISAM always returns an error, and does not overwrite a file in the specified directory.

Important

You cannot use path names that contain the MySQL data directory with DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY. This includes partitioned tables and individual table partitions. (See Bug #32167.)
DELAY_KEY_WRITE
Set this to 1 if you want to delay key updates for the table until the table is closed. See the description of the delay_key_write system variable in Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”. (MyISAM only.)
ENCRYPTION
The ENCRYPTION clause enables or disables page-level data encryption for an InnoDB table. A keyring plugin must be installed and configured before encryption can be enabled. The ENCRYPTION clause can be specified when creating a table in an a file-per-table tablespace, or when creating a table in a general tablespace.
The ENCRYPTION option is supported only by the InnoDB storage engine; thus it works only if the default storage engine is InnoDB, or if the CREATE TABLE statement also specifies ENGINE=InnoDB. Otherwise the statement is rejected with ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED.
A table inherits the default schema encryption if an ENCRYPTION clause is not specified. If the table_encryption_privilege_check variable is enabled, the TABLE_ENCRYPTION_ADMIN privilege is required to create a table with an ENCRYPTION clause setting that differs from the default schema encryption. When creating a table in a general tablespace, table and tablespace encryption must match.
Specifying an ENCRYPTION clause with a value other than 'N' or '' is not permitted when using a storage engine that does not support encryption.
For more information, see Section 17.13, “InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption”.
The ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE options are used to specify table attributes for primary and secondary storage engines. The options are reserved for future use.
The value assigned to either of these options must be a string literal containing a valid JSON document or an empty string (''). Invalid JSON is rejected.
```
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT) ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE='{"key":"value"}';
```
ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE values can be repeated without error. In this case, the last specified value is used.
ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE and SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE values are not checked by the server, nor are they cleared when the table's storage engine is changed.
INSERT_METHOD
If you want to insert data into a MERGE table, you must specify with INSERT_METHOD the table into which the row should be inserted. INSERT_METHOD is an option useful for MERGE tables only. Use a value of FIRST or LAST to have inserts go to the first or last table, or a value of NO to prevent inserts. See Section 18.7, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.
KEY_BLOCK_SIZE
For MyISAM tables, KEY_BLOCK_SIZE optionally specifies the size in bytes to use for index key blocks. The value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used if necessary. A KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value specified for an individual index definition overrides the table-level KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value.
For InnoDB tables, KEY_BLOCK_SIZE specifies the page size in kilobytes to use for compressed InnoDB tables. The KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used by InnoDB if necessary. KEY_BLOCK_SIZE can only be less than or equal to the innodb_page_size value. A value of 0 represents the default compressed page size, which is half of the innodb_page_size value. Depending on innodb_page_size, possible KEY_BLOCK_SIZE values include 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16. See Section 17.9.1, “InnoDB Table Compression” for more information.
Oracle recommends enabling innodb_strict_mode when specifying KEY_BLOCK_SIZE for InnoDB tables. When innodb_strict_mode is enabled, specifying an invalid KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value returns an error. If innodb_strict_mode is disabled, an invalid KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value results in a warning, and the KEY_BLOCK_SIZE option is ignored.
The Create_options column in response to SHOW TABLE STATUS reports the actual KEY_BLOCK_SIZE used by the table, as does SHOW CREATE TABLE.
InnoDB only supports KEY_BLOCK_SIZE at the table level.
KEY_BLOCK_SIZE is not supported with 32KB and 64KB innodb_page_size values. InnoDB table compression does not support these pages sizes.
InnoDB does not support the KEY_BLOCK_SIZE option when creating temporary tables.
MAX_ROWS
The maximum number of rows you plan to store in the table. This is not a hard limit, but rather a hint to the storage engine that the table must be able to store at least this many rows.

Important

The use of MAX_ROWS with NDB tables to control the number of table partitions is deprecated. It remains supported in later versions for backward compatibility, but is subject to removal in a future release. Use PARTITION_BALANCE instead; see Setting NDB_TABLE options.

The NDB storage engine treats this value as a maximum. If you plan to create very large NDB Cluster tables (containing millions of rows), you should use this option to insure that NDB allocates sufficient number of index slots in the hash table used for storing hashes of the table's primary keys by setting MAX_ROWS = 2 * rows, where rows is the number of rows that you expect to insert into the table.
The maximum MAX_ROWS value is 4294967295; larger values are truncated to this limit.
MIN_ROWS
The minimum number of rows you plan to store in the table. The MEMORY storage engine uses this option as a hint about memory use.
PACK_KEYS
Takes effect only with MyISAM tables. Set this option to 1 if you want to have smaller indexes. This usually makes updates slower and reads faster. Setting the option to 0 disables all packing of keys. Setting it to DEFAULT tells the storage engine to pack only long CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, or VARBINARY columns.
If you do not use PACK_KEYS, the default is to pack strings, but not numbers. If you use PACK_KEYS=1, numbers are packed as well.
When packing binary number keys, MySQL uses prefix compression:
- Every key needs one extra byte to indicate how many bytes of the previous key are the same for the next key.
- The pointer to the row is stored in high-byte-first order directly after the key, to improve compression.
This means that if you have many equal keys on two consecutive rows, all following “same” keys usually only take two bytes (including the pointer to the row). Compare this to the ordinary case where the following keys takes storage_size_for_key + pointer_size (where the pointer size is usually 4). Conversely, you get a significant benefit from prefix compression only if you have many numbers that are the same. If all keys are totally different, you use one byte more per key, if the key is not a key that can have NULL values. (In this case, the packed key length is stored in the same byte that is used to mark if a key is NULL.)
PASSWORD
This option is unused.
ROW_FORMAT
Defines the physical format in which the rows are stored.
When creating a table with strict mode disabled, the storage engine's default row format is used if the specified row format is not supported. The actual row format of the table is reported in the Row_format column in response to SHOW TABLE STATUS. The Create_options column shows the row format that was specified in the CREATE TABLE statement, as does SHOW CREATE TABLE.
Row format choices differ depending on the storage engine used for the table.
For InnoDB tables:
- The default row format is defined by innodb_default_row_format, which has a default setting of DYNAMIC. The default row format is used when the ROW_FORMAT option is not defined or when ROW_FORMAT=DEFAULT is used.
  If the ROW_FORMAT option is not defined, or if ROW_FORMAT=DEFAULT is used, operations that rebuild a table also silently change the row format of the table to the default defined by innodb_default_row_format. For more information, see Defining the Row Format of a Table.
- For more efficient InnoDB storage of data types, especially BLOB types, use the DYNAMIC. See DYNAMIC Row Format for requirements associated with the DYNAMIC row format.
- To enable compression for InnoDB tables, specify ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED. The ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED option is not supported when creating temporary tables. See Section 17.9, “InnoDB Table and Page Compression” for requirements associated with the COMPRESSED row format.
- The row format used in older versions of MySQL can still be requested by specifying the REDUNDANT row format.
- When you specify a non-default ROW_FORMAT clause, consider also enabling the innodb_strict_mode configuration option.
- ROW_FORMAT=FIXED is not supported. If ROW_FORMAT=FIXED is specified while innodb_strict_mode is disabled, InnoDB issues a warning and assumes ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC. If ROW_FORMAT=FIXED is specified while innodb_strict_mode is enabled, which is the default, InnoDB returns an error.
- For additional information about InnoDB row formats, see Section 17.10, “InnoDB Row Formats”.
For MyISAM tables, the option value can be FIXED or DYNAMIC for static or variable-length row format. myisampack sets the type to COMPRESSED. See Section 18.2.3, “MyISAM Table Storage Formats”.
For NDB tables, the default ROW_FORMAT is DYNAMIC.
START TRANSACTION
This is an internal-use table option, used to permit CREATE TABLE ... SELECT to be logged as a single, atomic transaction in the binary log when using row-based replication with a storage engine that supports atomic DDL. Only BINLOG, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements are permitted after CREATE TABLE ... START TRANSACTION. For related information, see Section 15.1.1, “Atomic Data Definition Statement Support”.
STATS_AUTO_RECALC
Specifies whether to automatically recalculate persistent statistics for an InnoDB table. The value DEFAULT causes the persistent statistics setting for the table to be determined by the innodb_stats_auto_recalc configuration option. The value 1 causes statistics to be recalculated when 10% of the data in the table has changed. The value 0 prevents automatic recalculation for this table; with this setting, issue an ANALYZE TABLE statement to recalculate the statistics after making substantial changes to the table. For more information about the persistent statistics feature, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.
STATS_PERSISTENT
Specifies whether to enable persistent statistics for an InnoDB table. The value DEFAULT causes the persistent statistics setting for the table to be determined by the innodb_stats_persistent configuration option. The value 1 enables persistent statistics for the table, while the value 0 turns off this feature. After enabling persistent statistics through a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement, issue an ANALYZE TABLE statement to calculate the statistics, after loading representative data into the table. For more information about the persistent statistics feature, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.
STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES
The number of index pages to sample when estimating cardinality and other statistics for an indexed column, such as those calculated by ANALYZE TABLE. For more information, see Section 17.8.10.1, “Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters”.
TABLESPACE
The TABLESPACE clause can be used to create an InnoDB table in an existing general tablespace, a file-per-table tablespace, or the system tablespace.
```
CREATE TABLE tbl_name ... TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name
```
The general tablespace that you specify must exist prior to using the TABLESPACE clause. For information about general tablespaces, see Section 17.6.3.3, “General Tablespaces”.
The tablespace_name is a case-sensitive identifier. It may be quoted or unquoted. The forward slash character (“/”) is not permitted. Names beginning with “innodb_” are reserved for special use.
To create a table in the system tablespace, specify innodb_system as the tablespace name.
```
CREATE TABLE tbl_name ... TABLESPACE [=] innodb_system
```
Using TABLESPACE [=] innodb_system, you can place a table of any uncompressed row format in the system tablespace regardless of the innodb_file_per_table setting. For example, you can add a table with ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC to the system tablespace using TABLESPACE [=] innodb_system.
To create a table in a file-per-table tablespace, specify innodb_file_per_table as the tablespace name.
```
CREATE TABLE tbl_name ... TABLESPACE [=] innodb_file_per_table
```
Note

If innodb_file_per_table is enabled, you need not specify TABLESPACE=innodb_file_per_table to create an InnoDB file-per-table tablespace. InnoDB tables are created in file-per-table tablespaces by default when innodb_file_per_table is enabled.

The DATA DIRECTORY clause is permitted with CREATE TABLE ... TABLESPACE=innodb_file_per_table but is otherwise not supported for use in combination with the TABLESPACE clause. The directory specified in a DATA DIRECTORY clause must be known to InnoDB. For more information, see Using the DATA DIRECTORY Clause.

Note

Support for TABLESPACE = innodb_file_per_table and TABLESPACE = innodb_temporary clauses with CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE is deprecated; expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

The STORAGE table option is employed only with NDB tables. STORAGE determines the type of storage used, and can be either of DISK or MEMORY.
TABLESPACE ... STORAGE DISK assigns a table to an NDB Cluster Disk Data tablespace. STORAGE DISK cannot be used in CREATE TABLE unless preceded by TABLESPACE tablespace_name.
For STORAGE MEMORY, the tablespace name is optional, thus, you can use TABLESPACE tablespace_name STORAGE MEMORY or simply STORAGE MEMORY to specify explicitly that the table is in-memory.
See Section 25.6.11, “NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables”, for more information.
UNION
Used to access a collection of identical MyISAM tables as one. This works only with MERGE tables. See Section 18.7, “The MERGE Storage Engine”.
You must have SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE privileges for the tables you map to a MERGE table.

Note

Formerly, all tables used had to be in the same database as the MERGE table itself. This restriction no longer applies.

Table Partitioning

partition_options can be used to control partitioning of the table created with CREATE TABLE.

Not all options shown in the syntax for partition_options at the beginning of this section are available for all partitioning types. Please see the listings for the following individual types for information specific to each type, and see Chapter 26, Partitioning, for more complete information about the workings of and uses for partitioning in MySQL, as well as additional examples of table creation and other statements relating to MySQL partitioning.

Partitions can be modified, merged, added to tables, and dropped from tables. For basic information about the MySQL statements to accomplish these tasks, see Section 15.1.9, “ALTER TABLE Statement”. For more detailed descriptions and examples, see Section 26.3, “Partition Management”.

PARTITION BY
If used, a partition_options clause begins with PARTITION BY. This clause contains the function that is used to determine the partition; the function returns an integer value ranging from 1 to num, where num is the number of partitions. (The maximum number of user-defined partitions which a table may contain is 1024; the number of subpartitions—discussed later in this section—is included in this maximum.)

Note

The expression (expr) used in a PARTITION BY clause cannot refer to any columns not in the table being created; such references are specifically not permitted and cause the statement to fail with an error. (Bug #29444)
HASH(expr)
Hashes one or more columns to create a key for placing and locating rows. expr is an expression using one or more table columns. This can be any valid MySQL expression (including MySQL functions) that yields a single integer value. For example, these are both valid CREATE TABLE statements using PARTITION BY HASH:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5))
    PARTITION BY HASH(col1);

CREATE TABLE t1 (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATETIME)
    PARTITION BY HASH ( YEAR(col3) );
```
You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY HASH.
PARTITION BY HASH uses the remainder of expr divided by the number of partitions (that is, the modulus). For examples and additional information, see Section 26.2.4, “HASH Partitioning”.
The LINEAR keyword entails a somewhat different algorithm. In this case, the number of the partition in which a row is stored is calculated as the result of one or more logical AND operations. For discussion and examples of linear hashing, see Section 26.2.4.1, “LINEAR HASH Partitioning”.
KEY(column_list)
This is similar to HASH, except that MySQL supplies the hashing function so as to guarantee an even data distribution. The column_list argument is simply a list of 1 or more table columns (maximum: 16). This example shows a simple table partitioned by key, with 4 partitions:
```
CREATE TABLE tk (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATE)
    PARTITION BY KEY(col3)
    PARTITIONS 4;
```
For tables that are partitioned by key, you can employ linear partitioning by using the LINEAR keyword. This has the same effect as with tables that are partitioned by HASH. That is, the partition number is found using the & operator rather than the modulus (see Section 26.2.4.1, “LINEAR HASH Partitioning”, and Section 26.2.5, “KEY Partitioning”, for details). This example uses linear partitioning by key to distribute data between 5 partitions:
```
CREATE TABLE tk (col1 INT, col2 CHAR(5), col3 DATE)
    PARTITION BY LINEAR KEY(col3)
    PARTITIONS 5;
```
The ALGORITHM={1 | 2} option is supported with [SUB]PARTITION BY [LINEAR] KEY. ALGORITHM=1 causes the server to use the same key-hashing functions as MySQL 5.1; ALGORITHM=2 means that the server employs the key-hashing functions implemented and used by default for new KEY partitioned tables in MySQL 5.5 and later. (Partitioned tables created with the key-hashing functions employed in MySQL 5.5 and later cannot be used by a MySQL 5.1 server.) Not specifying the option has the same effect as using ALGORITHM=2. This option is intended for use chiefly when upgrading or downgrading [LINEAR] KEY partitioned tables between MySQL 5.1 and later MySQL versions, or for creating tables partitioned by KEY or LINEAR KEY on a MySQL 5.5 or later server which can be used on a MySQL 5.1 server. For more information, see Section 15.1.9.1, “ALTER TABLE Partition Operations”.
mysqldump writes this option encased in versioned comments.
ALGORITHM=1 is shown when necessary in the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE using versioned comments in the same manner as mysqldump. ALGORITHM=2 is always omitted from SHOW CREATE TABLE output, even if this option was specified when creating the original table.
You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY KEY.

RANGE(expr)

In this case, expr shows a range of values using a set of VALUES LESS THAN operators. When using range partitioning, you must define at least one partition using VALUES LESS THAN. You cannot use VALUES IN with range partitioning.

Note

For tables partitioned by RANGE, VALUES LESS THAN must be used with either an integer literal value or an expression that evaluates to a single integer value. In MySQL 9.0, you can overcome this limitation in a table that is defined using PARTITION BY RANGE COLUMNS, as described later in this section.

Suppose that you have a table that you wish to partition on a column containing year values, according to the following scheme.

Partition Number:	Years Range:
0	1990 and earlier
1	1991 to 1994
2	1995 to 1998
3	1999 to 2002
4	2003 to 2005
5	2006 and later

A table implementing such a partitioning scheme can be realized by the CREATE TABLE statement shown here:

CREATE TABLE t1 (
    year_col  INT,
    some_data INT
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (year_col) (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1991),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1995),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1999),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (2002),
    PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (2006),
    PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);

PARTITION ... VALUES LESS THAN ... statements work in a consecutive fashion. VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE works to specify “leftover” values that are greater than the maximum value otherwise specified.

VALUES LESS THAN clauses work sequentially in a manner similar to that of the case portions of a switch ... case block (as found in many programming languages such as C, Java, and PHP). That is, the clauses must be arranged in such a way that the upper limit specified in each successive VALUES LESS THAN is greater than that of the previous one, with the one referencing MAXVALUE coming last of all in the list.

RANGE COLUMNS(column_list)
This variant on RANGE facilitates partition pruning for queries using range conditions on multiple columns (that is, having conditions such as WHERE a = 1 AND b < 10 or WHERE a = 1 AND b = 10 AND c < 10). It enables you to specify value ranges in multiple columns by using a list of columns in the COLUMNS clause and a set of column values in each PARTITION ... VALUES LESS THAN (value_list) partition definition clause. (In the simplest case, this set consists of a single column.) The maximum number of columns that can be referenced in the column_list and value_list is 16.
The column_list used in the COLUMNS clause may contain only names of columns; each column in the list must be one of the following MySQL data types: the integer types; the string types; and time or date column types. Columns using BLOB, TEXT, SET, ENUM, BIT, or spatial data types are not permitted; columns that use floating-point number types are also not permitted. You also may not use functions or arithmetic expressions in the COLUMNS clause.
The VALUES LESS THAN clause used in a partition definition must specify a literal value for each column that appears in the COLUMNS() clause; that is, the list of values used for each VALUES LESS THAN clause must contain the same number of values as there are columns listed in the COLUMNS clause. An attempt to use more or fewer values in a VALUES LESS THAN clause than there are in the COLUMNS clause causes the statement to fail with the error Inconsistency in usage of column lists for partitioning.... You cannot use NULL for any value appearing in VALUES LESS THAN. It is possible to use MAXVALUE more than once for a given column other than the first, as shown in this example:
```
CREATE TABLE rc (
    a INT NOT NULL,
    b INT NOT NULL
)
PARTITION BY RANGE COLUMNS(a,b) (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (10,5),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (20,10),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (50,MAXVALUE),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (65,MAXVALUE),
    PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE,MAXVALUE)
);
```
Each value used in a VALUES LESS THAN value list must match the type of the corresponding column exactly; no conversion is made. For example, you cannot use the string '1' for a value that matches a column that uses an integer type (you must use the numeral 1 instead), nor can you use the numeral 1 for a value that matches a column that uses a string type (in such a case, you must use a quoted string: '1').
For more information, see Section 26.2.1, “RANGE Partitioning”, and Section 26.4, “Partition Pruning”.
LIST(expr)
This is useful when assigning partitions based on a table column with a restricted set of possible values, such as a state or country code. In such a case, all rows pertaining to a certain state or country can be assigned to a single partition, or a partition can be reserved for a certain set of states or countries. It is similar to RANGE, except that only VALUES IN may be used to specify permissible values for each partition.
VALUES IN is used with a list of values to be matched. For instance, you could create a partitioning scheme such as the following:
```
CREATE TABLE client_firms (
    id   INT,
    name VARCHAR(35)
)
PARTITION BY LIST (id) (
    PARTITION r0 VALUES IN (1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21),
    PARTITION r1 VALUES IN (2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22),
    PARTITION r2 VALUES IN (3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23),
    PARTITION r3 VALUES IN (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24)
);
```
When using list partitioning, you must define at least one partition using VALUES IN. You cannot use VALUES LESS THAN with PARTITION BY LIST.

Note

For tables partitioned by LIST, the value list used with VALUES IN must consist of integer values only. In MySQL 9.0, you can overcome this limitation using partitioning by LIST COLUMNS, which is described later in this section.
LIST COLUMNS(column_list)
This variant on LIST facilitates partition pruning for queries using comparison conditions on multiple columns (that is, having conditions such as WHERE a = 5 AND b = 5 or WHERE a = 1 AND b = 10 AND c = 5). It enables you to specify values in multiple columns by using a list of columns in the COLUMNS clause and a set of column values in each PARTITION ... VALUES IN (value_list) partition definition clause.
The rules governing regarding data types for the column list used in LIST COLUMNS(column_list) and the value list used in VALUES IN(value_list) are the same as those for the column list used in RANGE COLUMNS(column_list) and the value list used in VALUES LESS THAN(value_list), respectively, except that in the VALUES IN clause, MAXVALUE is not permitted, and you may use NULL.
There is one important difference between the list of values used for VALUES IN with PARTITION BY LIST COLUMNS as opposed to when it is used with PARTITION BY LIST. When used with PARTITION BY LIST COLUMNS, each element in the VALUES IN clause must be a set of column values; the number of values in each set must be the same as the number of columns used in the COLUMNS clause, and the data types of these values must match those of the columns (and occur in the same order). In the simplest case, the set consists of a single column. The maximum number of columns that can be used in the column_list and in the elements making up the value_list is 16.
The table defined by the following CREATE TABLE statement provides an example of a table using LIST COLUMNS partitioning:
```
CREATE TABLE lc (
    a INT NULL,
    b INT NULL
)
PARTITION BY LIST COLUMNS(a,b) (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES IN( (0,0), (NULL,NULL) ),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES IN( (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,1), (1,2) ),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES IN( (1,0), (2,0), (2,1), (3,0), (3,1) ),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES IN( (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,2), (3,3) )
);
```
PARTITIONS num
The number of partitions may optionally be specified with a PARTITIONS num clause, where num is the number of partitions. If both this clause and any PARTITION clauses are used, num must be equal to the total number of any partitions that are declared using PARTITION clauses.

Note

Whether or not you use a PARTITIONS clause in creating a table that is partitioned by RANGE or LIST, you must still include at least one PARTITION VALUES clause in the table definition (see below).
SUBPARTITION BY
A partition may optionally be divided into a number of subpartitions. This can be indicated by using the optional SUBPARTITION BY clause. Subpartitioning may be done by HASH or KEY. Either of these may be LINEAR. These work in the same way as previously described for the equivalent partitioning types. (It is not possible to subpartition by LIST or RANGE.)
The number of subpartitions can be indicated using the SUBPARTITIONS keyword followed by an integer value.
Rigorous checking of the value used in PARTITIONS or SUBPARTITIONS clauses is applied and this value must adhere to the following rules:
- The value must be a positive, nonzero integer.
- No leading zeros are permitted.
- The value must be an integer literal, and cannot not be an expression. For example, PARTITIONS 0.2E+01 is not permitted, even though 0.2E+01 evaluates to 2. (Bug #15890)
partition_definition
Each partition may be individually defined using a partition_definition clause. The individual parts making up this clause are as follows:
- PARTITION partition_name
  Specifies a logical name for the partition.
- VALUES
  For range partitioning, each partition must include a VALUES LESS THAN clause; for list partitioning, you must specify a VALUES IN clause for each partition. This is used to determine which rows are to be stored in this partition. See the discussions of partitioning types in Chapter 26, Partitioning, for syntax examples.
- [STORAGE] ENGINE
  MySQL accepts a [STORAGE] ENGINE option for both PARTITION and SUBPARTITION. Currently, the only way in which this option can be used is to set all partitions or all subpartitions to the same storage engine, and an attempt to set different storage engines for partitions or subpartitions in the same table raises the error ERROR 1469 (HY000): The mix of handlers in the partitions is not permitted in this version of MySQL.
- COMMENT
  An optional COMMENT clause may be used to specify a string that describes the partition. Example:
```
COMMENT = 'Data for the years previous to 1999'
```
  The maximum length for a partition comment is 1024 characters.
- DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY
  DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY may be used to indicate the directory where, respectively, the data and indexes for this partition are to be stored. Both the data_dir and the index_dir must be absolute system path names.
  The directory specified in a DATA DIRECTORY clause must be known to InnoDB. For more information, see Using the DATA DIRECTORY Clause.
  You must have the FILE privilege to use the DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY partition option.
  Example:
```
CREATE TABLE th (id INT, name VARCHAR(30), adate DATE)
PARTITION BY LIST(YEAR(adate))
(
  PARTITION p1999 VALUES IN (1995, 1999, 2003)
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/95/data'
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/95/idx',
  PARTITION p2000 VALUES IN (1996, 2000, 2004)
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/96/data'
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/96/idx',
  PARTITION p2001 VALUES IN (1997, 2001, 2005)
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/97/data'
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/97/idx',
  PARTITION p2002 VALUES IN (1998, 2002, 2006)
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/98/data'
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/var/appdata/98/idx'
);
```
  DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY behave in the same way as in the CREATE TABLE statement's table_option clause as used for MyISAM tables.
  One data directory and one index directory may be specified per partition. If left unspecified, the data and indexes are stored by default in the table's database directory.
  The DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY options are ignored for creating partitioned tables if NO_DIR_IN_CREATE is in effect.
- MAX_ROWS and MIN_ROWS
  May be used to specify, respectively, the maximum and minimum number of rows to be stored in the partition. The values for max_number_of_rows and min_number_of_rows must be positive integers. As with the table-level options with the same names, these act only as “suggestions” to the server and are not hard limits.
- TABLESPACE
  May be used to designate an InnoDB file-per-table tablespace for the partition by specifying TABLESPACE `innodb_file_per_table`. All partitions must belong to the same storage engine.
  Placing InnoDB table partitions in shared InnoDB tablespaces is not supported. Shared tablespaces include the InnoDB system tablespace and general tablespaces.
subpartition_definition
The partition definition may optionally contain one or more subpartition_definition clauses. Each of these consists at a minimum of the SUBPARTITION name, where name is an identifier for the subpartition. Except for the replacement of the PARTITION keyword with SUBPARTITION, the syntax for a subpartition definition is identical to that for a partition definition.
Subpartitioning must be done by HASH or KEY, and can be done only on RANGE or LIST partitions. See Section 26.2.6, “Subpartitioning”.

Partitioning by Generated Columns

Partitioning by generated columns is permitted. For example:

CREATE TABLE t1 (
  s1 INT,
  s2 INT AS (EXP(s1)) STORED
)
PARTITION BY LIST (s2) (
  PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1)
);

Partitioning sees a generated column as a regular column, which enables workarounds for limitations on functions that are not permitted for partitioning (see Section 26.6.3, “Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions”). The preceding example demonstrates this technique: EXP() cannot be used directly in the PARTITION BY clause, but a generated column defined using EXP() is permitted.

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