This section describes use of command-line options to specify how to establish connections to the MySQL server, for clients such as mysql or mysqldump. For information on establishing connections using URI-like connection strings or key-value pairs, for clients such as MySQL Shell, see Section 6.2.5, “Connecting to the Server Using URI-Like Strings or Key-Value Pairs”. For additional information if you are unable to connect, see Section 8.2.22, “Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL”.
For a client program to connect to the MySQL server, it must use the proper connection parameters, such as the name of the host where the server is running and the user name and password of your MySQL account. Each connection parameter has a default value, but you can override default values as necessary using program options specified either on the command line or in an option file.
The examples here use the mysql client program, but the principles apply to other clients such as mysqldump, mysqladmin, or mysqlshow.
This command invokes mysql without specifying any explicit connection parameters:
mysql
Because there are no parameter options, the default values apply:
The default host name is
localhost
. On Unix, this has a special meaning, as described later.The default user name is
ODBC
on Windows or your Unix login name on Unix.No password is sent because neither
--password
nor-p
is given.For mysql, the first nonoption argument is taken as the name of the default database. Because there is no such argument, mysql selects no default database.
To specify the host name and user name explicitly, as well as a password, supply appropriate options on the command line. To select a default database, add a database-name argument. Examples:
mysql --host=localhost --user=myname --password=password mydb
mysql -h localhost -u myname -ppassword mydb
For password options, the password value is optional:
If you use a
--password
or-p
option and specify a password value, there must be no space between--password=
or-p
and the password following it.If you use
--password
or-p
but do not specify a password value, the client program prompts you to enter the password. The password is not displayed as you enter it. This is more secure than giving the password on the command line, which might enable other users on your system to see the password line by executing a command such as ps. See Section 8.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”.To explicitly specify that there is no password and that the client program should not prompt for one, use the
--skip-password
option.
As just mentioned, including the password value on the command
line is a security risk. To avoid this risk, specify the
--password
or -p
option without any following password value:
mysql --host=localhost --user=myname --password mydb
mysql -h localhost -u myname -p mydb
When the --password
or
-p
option is given with no password value, the
client program prints a prompt and waits for you to enter the
password. (In these examples, mydb
is
not interpreted as a password because it is
separated from the preceding password option by a space.)
On some systems, the library routine that MySQL uses to prompt for a password automatically limits the password to eight characters. That limitation is a property of the system library, not MySQL. Internally, MySQL does not have any limit for the length of the password. To work around the limitation on systems affected by it, specify your password in an option file (see Section 6.2.2.2, “Using Option Files”). Another workaround is to change your MySQL password to a value that has eight or fewer characters, but that has the disadvantage that shorter passwords tend to be less secure.
Client programs determine what type of connection to make as follows:
If the host is not specified or is
localhost
, a connection to the local host occurs:On Windows, the client connects using shared memory, if the server was started with the
shared_memory
system variable enabled to support shared-memory connections.On Unix, MySQL programs treat the host name
localhost
specially, in a way that is likely different from what you expect compared to other network-based programs: the client connects using a Unix socket file. The--socket
option or theMYSQL_UNIX_PORT
environment variable may be used to specify the socket name.
On Windows, if
host
is.
(period), or TCP/IP is not enabled and--socket
is not specified or the host is empty, the client connects using a named pipe, if the server was started with thenamed_pipe
system variable enabled to support named-pipe connections. If named-pipe connections are not supported or if the user making the connection is not a member of the Windows group specified by thenamed_pipe_full_access_group
system variable, an error occurs.Otherwise, the connection uses TCP/IP.
The --protocol
option enables you
to use a particular transport protocol even when other options
normally result in use of a different protocol. That is,
--protocol
specifies the transport
protocol explicitly and overrides the preceding rules, even for
localhost
.
Only connection options that are relevant to the selected
transport protocol are used or checked. Other connection options
are ignored. For example, with
--host=localhost
on Unix, the
client attempts to connect to the local server using a Unix socket
file, even if a --port
or
-P
option is given to specify a TCP/IP port
number.
To ensure that the client makes a TCP/IP connection to the local
server, use --host
or
-h
to specify a host name value of
127.0.0.1
(instead of
localhost
), or the IP address or name of the
local server. You can also specify the transport protocol
explicitly, even for localhost
, by using the
--protocol=TCP
option. Examples:
mysql --host=127.0.0.1
mysql --protocol=TCP
If the server is configured to accept IPv6 connections, clients
can connect to the local server over IPv6 using
--host=::1
. See
Section 7.1.13, “IPv6 Support”.
On Windows, to force a MySQL client to use a named-pipe
connection, specify the --pipe
or
--protocol=PIPE
option, or specify
.
(period) as the host name. If the server was
not started with the named_pipe
system variable enabled to support named-pipe connections or if
the user making the connection is not a member of the Windows
group specified by the
named_pipe_full_access_group
system variable, an error occurs. Use the
--socket
option to specify the
name of the pipe if you do not want to use the default pipe name.
Connections to remote servers use TCP/IP. This command connects to
the server running on remote.example.com
using
the default port number (3306):
mysql --host=remote.example.com
To specify a port number explicitly, use the
--port
or -P
option:
mysql --host=remote.example.com --port=13306
You can specify a port number for connections to a local server,
too. However, as indicated previously, connections to
localhost
on Unix use a socket file by default,
so unless you force a TCP/IP connection as previously described,
any option that specifies a port number is ignored.
For this command, the program uses a socket file on Unix and the
--port
option is ignored:
mysql --port=13306 --host=localhost
To cause the port number to be used, force a TCP/IP connection. For example, invoke the program in either of these ways:
mysql --port=13306 --host=127.0.0.1
mysql --port=13306 --protocol=TCP
For additional information about options that control how client programs establish connections to the server, see Section 6.2.3, “Command Options for Connecting to the Server”.
It is possible to specify connection parameters without entering them on the command line each time you invoke a client program:
Specify the connection parameters in the
[client]
section of an option file. The relevant section of the file might look like this:[client] host=host_name user=user_name password=password
For more information, see Section 6.2.2.2, “Using Option Files”.
Some connection parameters can be specified using environment variables. Examples:
To specify the host for mysql, use
MYSQL_HOST
.On Windows, to specify the MySQL user name, use
USER
.
For a list of supported environment variables, see Section 6.9, “Environment Variables”.