7.2.2.5 The Index Merge Join Type

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7.2.2.5.1 Overview

7.2.2.5.2 Index Merge Optimizer

7.2.2.5.3 The range Optimizer

7.2.2.5.4 Row Retrieval Algorithm

7.2.2.5.1 Overview

Index Merge is used when table condition can be converted to form:

cond_1 OR cond_2 ... OR cond_N

The conditions for conversion are that each cond_i can be used for a range scan, and no pair (cond_i, cond_j) uses the same index. (If cond_i and cond_j use the same index, then cond_i OR cond_j can be combined into a single range scan and no merging is necessary.)

For example, Index Merge can be used for the following queries:

SELECT * FROM t WHERE key1=c1 OR key2<c2 OR key3 IN (c3,c4);

SELECT * FROM t WHERE (key1=c1 OR key2<c2) AND nonkey=c3;

Index Merge is implemented as a “container” for range key scans constructed from cond_i conditions. When doing Index Merge, MySQL retrieves rows for each of the keyscans and then runs them through a duplicate elimination procedure. Currently the Unique class is used for duplicate elimination.

7.2.2.5.2 Index Merge Optimizer

A single SEL_TREE object cannot be constructed for conditions that have different members of keys in the OR clause, like in condition:

key1 < c1 OR key2 < c2

Beginning with MySQL 5.0, these conditions are handled with the Index Merge method, and its range optimizer structure, class SEL_IMERGE. SEL_IMERGE represents a disjunction of several SEL_TREE objects, which can be expressed as:

sel_imerge_cond = (t_1 OR t_1 OR ... OR t_n)

where each of t_i stands for a SEL_TREE object, and no pair (t_i, t_j) of distinct SEL_TREE objects can be combined into single SEL_TREE object.

The current implementation builds SEL_IMERGE only if no single SEL_TREE object can be built for the part of the query condition it has analyzed, and discards SEL_TREE immediately if it discovers that a single SEL_TREE object can be constructed. This is actually a limitation, and can cause worse row retrieval strategy to be used. E.g. for query:

SELECT * FROM t WHERE (goodkey1=c1 OR goodkey1=c2) AND badkey=c3

scan on badkey will be chosen even if Index Merge on (goodkey1, goodkey) would be faster.

The Index Merge optimizer collects a list of possible ways to access rows with Index Merge. This list of SEL_IMERGE structures represents the following condition:

  (t_11 OR t_12 OR ... OR t_1k) AND
  (t_21 OR t_22 OR ... OR t_2l) AND
   ...                          AND
  (t_M1 OR t_M2 OR ... OR t_mp)

where t_ij is one SEL_TREE and one line is for one SEL_IMERGE object.

The SEL_IMERGE object with minimal cost is used for row retrieval.

In sql/opt_range.cc, see imerge_list_and_list(), imerge_list_or_list(), and SEL_IMERGE class member functions for more details of Index Merge construction.

See the get_index_merge_params function in the same file for Index Merge cost calculation algorithm.

7.2.2.5.3 The range Optimizer

For range queries, the MySQL optimizer builds a SEL_TREE object which represents a condition in this form:

range_cond = (cond_key_1 AND cond_key_2 AND ... AND cond_key_N)

Each of cond_key_i is a condition that refers to components of one key. MySQL creates a cond_key_i condition for each of the usable keys. Then the cheapest condition cond_key_i is used for doing range scan.

A single cond_key_i condition is represented by a pointer-linked network of SEL_ARG objects. Each SEL_ARG object refers to particular part of the key and represents the following condition:

  sel_arg_cond= (inf_val < key_part_n AND key_part_n < sup_val) (1)
                AND next_key_part_sel_arg_cond                  (2)
                OR left_sel_arg_cond                            (3)
                OR right_sel_arg_cond                           (4)

1. is for an interval, possibly without upper or lower bound, either including or not including boundary values.

2. is for a SEL_ARG object with condition on next key component.

3. is for a SEL_ARG object with an interval on the same field as this SEL_ARG object. Intervals between the current and “left” objects are disjoint and left_sel_arg_cond.sup_val <= inf_val.

4. is for a SEL_ARG object with an interval on the same field as this SEL_ARG object. Intervals between the current and “right” objects are disjoint and left_sel_arg_cond.min_val >= max_val.

MySQL is able to convert arbitrary-depth nested AND-OR conditions to the above conjunctive form.

7.2.2.5.4 Row Retrieval Algorithm

Index Merge works in two steps:

Preparation step:

activate 'index only';
foreach key_i in (key_scans \ clustered_pk_scan)
{
  while (retrieve next (key, rowid) pair from key_i)
  {
    if (no clustered PK scan ||
        row doesn't match clustered PK scan condition)
      put rowid into Unique;
  }
}
deactivate 'index only';

Row retrieval step:

for each rowid in Unique
{
  retrieve row and pass it to output;
}
if (clustered_pk_scan)
{
  while (retrieve next row for clustered_pk_scan)
   pass row to output;
}

See: sql/opt_range.cc, QUICK_INDEX_MERGE_SELECT class members for Index Merge row retrieval code.