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MySQL 9.0.0
Source Code Documentation
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MySQL 9.0.0
Source Code Documentation
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Stored Programs in general refers to:
PROCEDUREFUNCTIONTABLE TRIGGEREVENTWhen developing, there are a couple of tools available in the server itself that are helpful. These tools are only available in builds compiled with debugging support:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODESHOW FUNCTION CODEThe equivalent for triggers or events is not available at this point.
The internal implementation of Stored Programs in the server depends on several components:
Storage of Stored Programs is implemented using either tables in the database (in the mysql schema), or physical files.
The table mysql.proc contains one record per Stored Procedure or Stored Function. Note that this table design is a mix of relational and non relational (blob) content:
mysql.proc.This design choice allows the various attributes to be represented in a format that is easy to work with (relational model), while allowing a lot of flexibility for the content of the body.
A minor exception to this is the storage of the parameters of a stored procedure or function (which are part of its interface) inside the blob column param_list (instead of using a child table proc_param).
Table mysql.procs_priv describes privileges granted for a given Stored Procedure or Stored Function in table mysql.proc.
The code used to encapsulate database access is:
Information for a given trigger is stored in the table mysql.triggers of the Data Dictionary.
The code used to encapsulate access is:
See the C++ class Table_trigger_dispatcher in general.
Events storage is very similar to Stored Procedure and Stored Function storage, and shares the same design. Since more attributes are needed to represent an event, a different table is used: table mysql.event.
The code used to encapsulate the database access is:
See the C++ class Event_db_repository in general.
Some critical attributes, such as SQL_MODE, are explicitly part of the storage format.
Other attributes, that also impact significantly the behavior in general of Stored Programs, can be implicitly derived from other properties of the storage layer. In particular:
USE <database> in effect for a stored program is the schema the stored object belongs to.DECLARE v CHAR(10) does not intrinsically convey any notion of character set or collation. The character set and collation of this local variable, in a stored program, derives from the character set and collation of the schema the stored object belongs to.A Stored Program is represented in memory by two major parts:
Individual instructions of various kind are implemented by all the C++ classes that inherit from class sp_instr. The symbol table ('symbol table' is a term used in conjunction with compilers or interpreters, in MySQL the term 'Parsing Context' is used instead) is implemented by the C++ class sp_pcontext. A Stored Program as a whole is represented by the C++ class sp_head, which contains the instructions (array sp_head::m_instructions) and the root parsing context (member sp_head::m_root_parsing_ctx).
Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language SQL statements are represented as-is, by a single instruction. For flow control statements and exception handlers, several instructions are used to implement in the low level sp_instr language the semantic of the SQL construct.
Let's see an example with a stored procedure:
delimiter $$
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_1(x int)
BEGIN
IF x < 0 THEN
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("negative");
ELSEIF x = 0 THEN
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("zero");
ELSE
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("positive");
END IF;
END$$
The resulting code, displayed by SHOW PROCEDURE CODE, is:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_1;
Pos Instruction
0 jump_if_not 3(7) (x@0 < 0)
1 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("negative")"
2 jump 7
3 jump_if_not 6(7) (x@0 = 0)
4 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("zero")"
5 jump 7
6 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ("positive")"
Instructions are numbered sequentially. Position 0 is the start of the code. The position 7 that is one past the last instruction in this example represents the end of the code.
Note that the instruction jump_if_not 3(7) at position 0 can actually jump to three locations:
Now, let's see how exception handlers are represented. The following code contains just a very basic handler, protecting a BEGIN/END block in the SQL logic:
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_2(x int)
BEGIN
SELECT "Start";
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1);
BEGIN
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
BEGIN
SELECT "Oops";
END;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2);
END;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (3);
SELECT "Finish";
END$$
The internal instructions for this stored procedure are:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_2; Pos Instruction 0 stmt 0 "SELECT "Start"" 1 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1)" 2 hpush_jump 5 1 CONTINUE 3 stmt 0 "SELECT "Oops"" 4 hreturn 1 5 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2)" 6 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2)" 7 hpop 1 8 stmt 5 "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (3)" 9 stmt 0 "SELECT "Finish""
Note the flow of control in the code: there is not a single if. The couple of hpush_jump / hpop represent the installation and the removal of the exception handler. The body of the exception handler starts at position 3, whereas the code protected by the handler starts at position 5. hpush_jump 5 1 means: add a handler for "1" condition (sqlexception), where "1" stands for the index of declared conditions in the parsing context, and execute the code starting at position "5".
A parsing context is a tree of nodes, where each node contains symbols (variables, cursors, labels, ...) declared locally in the same name visibility scope.
For example, with the following SQL code:
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_3(x int, y int)
BEGIN
-- This is the root parsing context
DECLARE v1 INT;
DECLARE v2 INT;
DECLARE v3 INT;
IF (x > 0) THEN
BEGIN
-- This is the child context A
DECLARE v1 INT;
DECLARE v4 INT DEFAULT 100;
set v4:= 1;
set v1:= x;
END;
ELSE
BEGIN
-- This is the child context B
DECLARE v2 INT;
DECLARE v4 INT DEFAULT 200;
set v4:= 2;
set v2:= y;
set v3:= 3;
END;
END IF;
set v1 := 4;
END$$
The parsing contexts match exactly the nesting of BEGIN/END blocks:
The total number of symbols is 9: 5 for the root + 2 for A + 2 for B. All the symbols are numbered internally (starting at offset 0), by walking the parsing context tree in a depth first manner, resulting in the following:
There is no tool to dump the parsing context tree explicitly. However, the internal numbering of symbols is apparent when printing the code:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_3; Pos Instruction 0 set v1@2 NULL 1 set v2@3 NULL 2 set v3@4 NULL 3 jump_if_not 9(14) (x@0 > 0) 4 set v1@5 NULL 5 set v4@6 100 6 set v4@6 1 7 set v1@5 x@0 8 jump 14 9 set v2@7 NULL 10 set v4@8 200 11 set v4@8 2 12 set v2@7 y@1 13 set v3@4 3 14 set v1@2 4
The points of interest are that:
The parsing context C++ class, sp_pcontext, contains much more information related to each symbol, notably data types of variables (unfortunately not printable with SHOW PROCEDURE CODE).
There is no “Stored Program Parser” as such, there is only one parser in the SQL layer in the server. This parser is capable of understanding every SQL statement, including statements related to Stored Programs. The parser is implemented as an ascendant parser, using bison. The source code is located in the file sql/sql_yacc.yy.
The parts of the parser dedicated more specially to Stored Programs are starting at the following rules:
CREATE PROCEDURE : see rule sp_tail,CREATE FUNCTION : see rule sp_tail,CREATE TRIGGER : see rule trigger_tail,CREATE EVENT : see rule event_tail.In every case, the parser reads the SQL text stream that represents the code as input, and creates an internal representation of the Stored Program as output, with one C++ object of type sp_head. A limiting consequence of this approach is that a stored program does not support nesting: it is impossible to embed one CREATE PROCEDURE into another, since the parser currently may only support one sp_head object at a time.
Conceptually, there are many different layers involved during parsing:
From the implementation point or view, many different concepts from different layers actually collide in the same code base, so that the actual code organization is as follows:
This is both very efficient from a performance point of view, but difficult to understand, from a maintenance point of view.
Let's illustrate for example how the following SQL statement is parsed:
The corresponding part of the grammar in the parser for DECLARE CURSOR statements is the following (with annotated line numbers):
[ 1] sp_decl:
[ 2] DECLARE_SYM ident CURSOR_SYM FOR_SYM sp_cursor_stmt
[ 3] {
[ 4] LEX *lex= Lex;
[ 5] sp_head *sp= lex->sphead;
[ 6] sp_pcontext *ctx= lex->spcont;
[ 7] uint offp;
[ 8] sp_instr_cpush *i;
[ 9]
[10] if (ctx->find_cursor(&$2, &offp, true))
[11] {
[12] my_error(ER_SP_DUP_CURS, MYF(0), $2.str);
[13] delete $5;
[14] MYSQL_YYABORT;
[15] }
[16] i= new sp_instr_cpush(sp->instructions(), ctx, $5,
[17] ctx->current_cursor_count());
[18] sp->add_instr(i);
[19] ctx->push_cursor(&$2);
[20] $$.vars= $$.conds= $$.hndlrs= 0;
[21] $$.curs= 1;
[22] }
[23] ;
The lines [1], [2] and [23] are bison code that express the structure of the grammar. These lines belong to the syntactic parsing realm.
The lines [3] and [22] are bison delimiters for the associated action to execute, when parsing of the syntax succeeds. Everything between lines [3] and [22] is C++ code, executed when the parser finds a syntactically correct DECLARE CURSOR statement.
The lines [4] to [8] could be considered syntactic parsing: what the code does is find what is the current Stored Program being parsed, find the associated part of the syntax tree under construction (sp_head), and find the associated current context in the symbol table (sp_pcontext).
Note that there is some black magic here: since we are still currently parsing the content of a Stored Program (the DECLARE CURSOR statement), the final “syntax” tree for the Stored Program (sp_head) is not supposed to exist yet. The reason the sp_head object is already available is that the actions in the CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE TRIGGER, or CREATE EVENT are implemented as a descendant parser (it created an empty sp_head object first, filling the content later). Mixing code that way (descendant actions with ascendant parsing) is extremely sensitive to changes.
The line [10] is a semantic check. The statement might be syntactically correct (it parsed), but to be semantically correct, the name or the cursor must be unique in the symbol table.
Line [12] is reporting a semantic error back to the client (duplicate cursor). The code at line [14] forces the syntactic parser (bison) to abort.
By line [16], we have verified that the code is syntactically valid, and semantically valid: it's now time for code generation, implemented by creating a new sp_instr_cpush to represent the cursor in the compiled code. Note that variable allocation is done on the fly, by looking up the current cursor count in the symbol table (sp_pcontext::current_cursor_count()).
Line [18] adds the generated code to the object representing the stored program (code generation).
Line [19] maintains the symbol table (semantic parsing) by adding the new cursor in the current local context.
Lines [20] and [21] return to bison a fragment of a fake syntax tree, indicating that one cursor was found.
By looking at the complete implementation of this action in bison, one should note that the target code was generated, the symbol table for the Stored Program was looked up and updated, while at no point in time a syntax node was even created. Note that the sp_instr_cpush object should really be considered generated code: the fact that there is a one-to-one correspondence with the syntax is incidental.
All the code generated by the parser is emitted in a single pass. For example, consider the following SQL logic:
CREATE FUNCTION func_4(i int)
RETURNS CHAR(10)
BEGIN
DECLARE str CHAR(10);
CASE i
WHEN 1 THEN SET str="1";
WHEN 2 THEN SET str="2";
WHEN 3 THEN SET str="3";
ELSE SET str="unknown";
END CASE;
RETURN str;
END$$
The compiled program for this Stored Function is:
SHOW FUNCTION CODE func_4; Pos Instruction 0 set str@1 NULL 1 set_case_expr (12) 0 i@0 2 jump_if_not 5(12) (case_expr@0 = 1) 3 set str@1 _latin1'1' 4 jump 12 5 jump_if_not 8(12) (case_expr@0 = 2) 6 set str@1 _latin1'2' 7 jump 12 8 jump_if_not 11(12) (case_expr@0 = 3) 9 set str@1 _latin1'3' 10 jump 12 11 set str@1 _latin1'unknown' 12 freturn 254 str@1
Note the instruction at position 4: jump 12. How can the compiler generate this instruction in a single pass, when the destination (12) is not known yet ? This instruction is a forward jump. What happens during code generation is that, by the time the compiler has generated the code for positions [0] to [11], the generated code looks like this:
Pos Instruction 0 set str@1 NULL 1 set_case_expr ( ?? ) 0 i@0 2 jump_if_not 5( ?? ) (case_expr@0 = 1) 3 set str@1 _latin1'1' 4 jump ?? 5 jump_if_not 8( ?? ) (case_expr@0 = 2) 6 set str@1 _latin1'2' 7 jump ?? 8 jump_if_not 11( ?? ) (case_expr@0 = 3) 9 set str@1 _latin1'3' 10 jump ?? 11 set str@1 _latin1'unknown' ...
The final destination of the label for the END CASE is not known yet, and the list of all the instructions (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10) that need to point to this unknown destination (represented as ??) is maintained in a temporary structure used during code generation only. This structure is called the context back patch list.
When the destination label is finally resolved to a destination (12), all the instructions pointing to that label, which have been already generated (but with a bogus destination) are back patched to point to the correct location. See the comments marked BACKPATCH in the code for more details.
As a side note, this generated code also shows that some temporary variables can be generated implicitly, such as the operand of the CASE expression, labeled case_expr@0.
After code is generated, the low level sp_instr instructions are optimized. The optimization focuses on two areas:
These two optimizations are performed together, as they both are a problem involving flow analysis in the graph that represents the generated code.
The code that implements these optimizations is sp_head::optimize().
The (Stored Program) optimizer is invoked from only one place, in the following code:
DBUG_EXECUTE_IF to avoid recompiling the server with or without flow optimization every time. Be careful to shutdown and restart the server with or without the call to sp_head::optimize() for each test, or you will find that caching of a Stored Program code does interfere.'Dead code' is also known as 'unreachable code': code that cannot possibly be executed, because no path in the logic leads to it.
For example, consider the following SQL code:
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_5()
BEGIN
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
again:
WHILE TRUE DO
BEGIN
set i:= i+1;
SELECT "This code is alive";
IF (i = 100) THEN
LEAVE again;
END IF;
ITERATE again;
SELECT "This code is dead";
END;
END WHILE;
END$$
Before flow optimization, the compiled code is:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_5; Pos Instruction 0 set i@0 0 1 jump_if_not 10(10) 1 2 set i@0 (i@0 + 1) 3 stmt 0 "SELECT "This code is alive"" 4 jump_if_not 7(7) (i@0 = 100) 5 jump 10 6 jump 7 7 jump 1 8 stmt 0 "SELECT "This code is dead"" 9 jump 1
Note the instruction at position 8: the previous instruction is an unconditional jump, so the flow of control can never reach 8 by coming from 7. Because there exists no jump in the entire code that leads to 8 either, the instruction at 8 is unreachable. By looking further in the flow, because 8 is unreachable and there are no jumps to position 9, the instruction at position 9 is also unreachable.
The instruction at position 6 is also unreachable, for a similar reason: the THEN part of the if contains a jump, due to the statement LEAVE again;, so that the code never executes the jump generated by the compiler to go from the end of the THEN block to the statement following the IF.
After detecting all the unreachable instructions, and simplifying the code, the result after flow optimization is:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_5; Pos Instruction 0 set i@0 0 1 jump_if_not 10(10) 1 2 set i@0 (i@0 + 1) 3 stmt 0 "SELECT "This code is alive"" 4 jump_if_not 1(1) (i@0 = 100) 5 jump 10
The flow optimizer is good at detecting most of the dead code, but has limitations. For example, coding in SQL IF FALSE THEN ... END IF; leads to code that can never be executed, but since the flow optimizer does neither propagate constants nor consider impossible conditional jumps, this code will not be removed.
The goal of the flow optimizer is mostly to perform simple local optimizations with a low cost. It's not a fully featured code optimizer, and does not guard against poor SQL.
The term jump shortcut refers to the following optimization: when instruction A is a jump (conditional or not) that goes to position B, and when B is an unconditional jump to position C, the code can be changed so that A can jump to C directly, taking a shortcut to avoid the unnecessary B. Consider the following SQL code:
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_6(x int, y int, z int)
BEGIN
SELECT "Start";
IF (x > 0)
THEN
BEGIN
SELECT "x looks ok";
IF (y > 0)
THEN
BEGIN
SELECT "so does y";
IF (z > 0)
THEN
SELECT "even z is fine";
ELSE
SELECT "bad z";
END IF;
END;
ELSE
SELECT "bad y";
END IF;
END;
ELSE
SELECT "bad x";
END IF;
SELECT "Finish";
END$$
Before flow optimization, the compiled code is:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_6; Pos Instruction 0 stmt 0 "SELECT "Start"" 1 jump_if_not 12(13) (x@0 > 0) 2 stmt 0 "SELECT "x looks ok"" 3 jump_if_not 10(11) (y@1 > 0) 4 stmt 0 "SELECT "so does y"" 5 jump_if_not 8(9) (z@2 > 0) 6 stmt 0 "SELECT "even z is fine"" 7 jump 9 8 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad z"" 9 jump 11 10 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad y"" 11 jump 13 12 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad x"" 13 stmt 0 "SELECT "Finish""
Note the jump 9 at position 7: since the instruction at position 9 is jump 11, the code at position 7 can be simplified to jump 11. The optimization is also recursive: since the instruction 11 is jump 13, the final jump destination for the instruction at position 7 is jump 13. Conditional jumps are optimized also, so that the instruction 5: jump_if_not 8(9) can be optimized to jump_if_not 8(13).
After flow optimization, the compiled code is:
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_6; Pos Instruction 0 stmt 0 "SELECT "Start"" 1 jump_if_not 12(13) (x@0 > 0) 2 stmt 0 "SELECT "x looks ok"" 3 jump_if_not 10(13) (y@1 > 0) 4 stmt 0 "SELECT "so does y"" 5 jump_if_not 8(13) (z@2 > 0) 6 stmt 0 "SELECT "even z is fine"" 7 jump 13 8 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad z"" 9 jump 13 10 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad y"" 11 jump 13 12 stmt 0 "SELECT "bad x"" 13 stmt 0 "SELECT "Finish""
Note the differences with every jump instruction.
The goal of the Stored Program cache is to keep a parsed sp_head in memory, for future reuse. Reuse means:
To achieve this, the implementation of sp_head must be both thread-safe and stateless. Unfortunately, it is neither:
The consequence of these restrictions is less than optimal code. What is currently implemented in the server is detailed in the following subsections, to help maintenance.
The PROCEDURE cache is maintained on a per thread basis, in THD::sp_proc_cache.
The function used to lookup the cache is sp_find_routine. It relies on the C++ class sp_cache for the low level implementation.
There is a global mechanism to invalidate all the caches of all the THD threads at once, implemented with the variable atomic_Cversion in file sp_cache.cc, which is incremented by function sp_cache_invalidate(). This global invalidation is used when the server executes DROP PROCEDURE or ALTER PROCEDURE statements.
Each entry in the cache is keyed by name, and consists of a linked list of stored procedure instances which are all duplicates of the same object. The reason for the list is recursion, when the runtime needs to evaluate several calls to the same procedure at once.
The runtime behavior of this caching mechanism has some limitations, and in particular:
The FUNCTION cache is implemented exactly like the PROCEDURE cache, in the thread member in THD::sp_func_cache.
Note that because THD::sp_proc_cache and THD::sp_func_cache are both invalidated based on the same atomic_Cversion counter, executing DROP PROCEDURE happens to invalidate the FUNCTION cache as well, while DROP FUNCTION also invalidates the PROCEDURE cache. In practice, this has no consequences since DDL statements like this are not executed typically while an application is running, only when it is deployed.
For table triggers, all the triggers that relate to a given table are grouped in the C++ class Table_trigger_dispatcher, which in particular contains the member sp_head bodies[TRG_EVENT_MAX][TRG_ACTION_MAX].
Note that at most one trigger per event (BEFORE, AFTER) and per action (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) can be defined currently.
The Table_trigger_dispatcher itself is a part of struct TABLE.
As a result, each table trigger body is duplicated in each table handle, which is necessary to properly evaluate them. TABLE handles are globally cached and reused across threads, so the table triggers are effectively reused across different clients connections manipulating the same physical table.
For events, the sp_head object that represents the body of an EVENT is part of the C++ class Event_parse_data.
There is no caching of sp_head for multiple scheduling of an event. The method Event_job_data::execute() invokes the parser every time an event is executed.
Executing a Stored Program consists of interpreting the low level sp_instr code. The runtime interpreter itself is implemented in the method sp_head::execute(). Wrappers for different kinds of Stored Programs are implemented in the following methods:
PROCEDURE : see sp_head::execute_procedure(),FUNCTION : see sp_head::execute_function(),TRIGGER : see sp_head::execute_trigger(),EVENT : see Event_job_data::execute().An interpreter needs to be able to represent the state of the SQL program being executed: this is the role of the C++ class sp_rcontext, or runtime context.
Values of local variables in an SQL Stored Program are stored within the sp_rcontext. When the code enters a new scope, the sp_instr contains explicit statements to initialize the local variable DEFAULT value, if any. Since initialization of values is done in the code, and since no logic needs to be executed when an SQL variable goes out of scope, space allocation to represent the data does not need to follow the nesting of BEGIN/END blocks during runtime.
Another important point regarding the representation of local SQL variables is that, conceptually, a local variable can be considered to be an SQL table with a single column (of the variable type), with a single row (to represent the value).
As a result, all the local variables of a Stored Program are represented by a row in a table internally. For example, consider the following SQL code:
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_7(x int)
BEGIN
DECLARE v1 INT;
DECLARE v2 VARCHAR(10);
DECLARE v3 TEXT;
IF (x > 0) THEN
BEGIN
DECLARE v4 BLOB;
DECLARE v5 VARCHAR(20);
END;
ELSE
BEGIN
DECLARE v6 DECIMAL(10, 2);
DECLARE v7 BIGINT;
END;
END IF;
END$$
Internally, a temporary table is created, with the following structure:
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `proc_7_vars` ( `v1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `v2` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, `v3` text, `v4` blob, `v5` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, `v6` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL, `v7` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
The real name of the table and the columns are purely internal, and the table is not accessible to regular statements for DDL or DML operations: proc_7_vars and v1 ... v7 are just a notation used in this example. The TABLE handle that implements all the local variable storage is the member sp_rcontext::m_var_table
Inside a statement, local variables in a Stored Program are represented by the dedicated C++ class Item_splocal. Item_splocal really is a proxy exposing the interface needed to support Item, which delegates to the underlying sp_rcontext for reading or writing local variable values. The coupling between Item_splocal and sp_rcontext is based on Item_splocal::m_var_idx, which is the variable index in the symbol table computed by the parser, and maintained in sp_pcontext.
Unlike local variables, some action is needed in the interpreter when a CURSOR goes out of scope: the cursor must be closed, to prevent leaks of the underlying TABLE resources.
As a result, cursor allocation (and really, deallocation so they can be properly closed) needs to follow tightly the BEGIN-END block structure of the code, so a stack is used, implemented by sp_rcontext::m_cstack and sp_rcontext::m_ccount.
For CASE expressions, temporary variables are generated automatically. Like CURSOR, there are some constraints that prevent treating these special local variables like regular local variables.
The difficulty with CASE is that the real type of the expression is only known when the case statement is executed, so that allocating space in a statically computed TABLE is not practical. For example, CASE (SELECT col1 FROM t1 WHERE ...) is a case expression that involves a single row subselect. During parsing, the table might not even exists, so evaluating the type of col1 is impossible. Creation of the table can be delayed until execution, with statements like CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.
Instead, an array of Item * is used, implemented by sp_rcontext::m_case_expr_holders. The size of the array is static (it's the total number of cases), but the content of each element is dynamic (to account for the type of the case expression).
Inside a CASE statement, temporary local variables in a Stored Program are represented by the dedicated C++ class Item_case_expr. The class Item_case_expr is also a proxy, similar in nature to Item_splocal, and delegates to sp_rcontext for accessing the underlying case expression value. The coupling between Item_case_expr and sp_rcontext is based on Item_case_expr::m_case_expr_id, which is the case expression index in the symbol table (see sp_pcontext).
When the code enters a block of logic guarded by an SQL exception handler, the state or the runtime context in the interpreter changes, to represent this fact. The state change is not apparent immediately, it will only become apparent if an exception is raised. The internal runtime state of the engine also changes when the code leaves a block that contains an exception handler.
How exception handlers work during runtime is the subject of another section (“Exception Handling”). What is described here is the state maintained internally, to represent which HANDLER is currently “active”, and what CONDITION is protected against.
The SQL precedence rules for HANDLER dictates that the last installed (inner most) handler is always considered first, so the natural structure to represent what handler is active is a stack, implemented by sp_rcontext::m_visible_handlers.
In addition, some extra information is required for CONTINUE handlers: the “address” in the code, or instruction pointer in the sp_instr array, of where to resume execution when the handler returns. This data is maintained in sp_rcontext::m_activated_handlers, which again is a stack because exception handlers can be nested (exceptions can be raised and trapped during the execution of the body of an exception handler, too).
Executing an instruction consists of calling the virtual method sp_instr::execute(), which is implemented for each instruction.
For instructions that can be executed directly, and don't depend on the evaluation of a general SQL statement or expression, the execution is very simple. See for example sp_instr_jump::execute(), sp_instr_hpush_jump::execute() or sp_instr_hpop::execute(). In all cases, the implementation of the execute() method is purely internal to the runtime interpreter.
For instructions that need to evaluate a general expression, like sp_instr_jump_if_not::execute(), or general instructions that need to execute an SQL statement, such as sp_instr_stmt::execute(), things are more complex. The implementation needs to leverage the existing code that is already capable of evaluating an expression or executing a query, and is implemented by the function mysql_execute_command().
The function mysql_execute_command(), for historical reasons (it was implemented before Stored Programs), is mostly designed to consume directly the result of the parser, which is passed as input in THD::lex.
To comply with this interface, the runtime for stored program has to provide a THD::lex structure before executing each instruction, to prepare an execution environment which looks as if the statement to execute was just parsed. Dealing with the existing interface for re-entrant execution of SQL statements is the role of the C++ class sp_lex_instr. The wrapper method to used to execute instructions is sp_lex_instr::reset_lex_and_exec_core(), which ultimately invokes the sp_lex_instr::exec_core() instructions implementation.
Instructions are numbered sequentially, and the current position in the code is represented by an “instruction pointer”, which is just an integer. In the main execution loop in sp_head::execute(), this instruction pointer is represented by the local variable ip.
When executing each instruction, the method sp_head::execute() is also responsible to return the address of the next instruction to execute. Most of the time, this corresponds to the “next” instruction (implemented by m_ip+1), except for absolute jumps (see sp_instr_jump::execute()) or conditional jumps (see sp_instr_jump_if_not::execute()).
When the code enters a block protected by a HANDLER, the execution leads to sp_instr_hpush_jump::execute(), which installs the exception handler in the runtime handler stack, by calling sp_rcontext::push_handler().
In a similar way, when the code leaves a block protected by a HANDLER, sp_instr_hpop::execute() removes the handlers installed by the matching sp_instr_hpush_jump, by calling sp_rcontext::pop_handlers().
During the execution of any statement, different CONDITION can be raised at runtime, which are reported by the implementation of each statement by calling push_warning(), my_error() or similar functions. All these entry points ultimately leads to the error handler hook callback function implemented by error_handler_hook in mysys/my_error.c. In case of the server itself, this hook points to the function my_message_sql().
Under normal circumstances, my_message_sql() just reports a warning or an error to the client application, and for errors causes the query to abort.
When executing a stored program, THD::sp_runtime_ctx points to the runtime context of the program currently executed. When a HANDLER is active, the runtime context contains in its handler stack the list of all the CONDITIONs currently trapped, giving a chance to the call to sp_rcontext::handle_sql_condition() to intercept error handling.
If the condition reported does not match any of the conditions for which an exception handler is active, sp_rcontext::handle_sql_condition() returns false, and my_message_sql() raises the error or warning as usual.
When the condition reported does match an active HANDLER, that handler is called, but the technical nature of this call is special: the call is asynchronous. Instead of invoking the exception handler directly, sp_rcontext::handle_sql_condition() marks which exception handler is to be called, by saving the activation on sp_rcontext::m_activated_handlers, and then returns true, so that my_message_sql() returns without reporting anything: at this point, the error condition has been totally masked, except for the fact that sp_rcontext::m_activated_handlers is set.
Once my_message_sql() returns, the implementation of a given statement continues, either by proceeding if only a warning was reported, or by aborting the current execution if an error was raised. The execution of code in the server will eventually return from the implementation of a statement, and return from the call to sp_instr::execute() for that statement, returning control to the loop located in sp_head::execute(). Note that during the execution of the code that follows a call to my_message_sql(), error conditions are propagated in the call stack though the function's return value. It is transparent to the implementation of statements in general whether an exception was caught by an error handler.
After an instruction is executed in sp_head::execute(), the main interpreter loop checks for any pending exception handler code to call, by checking the thd error status. If an exception was caught, sp_rcontext::handle_sql_condition() is invoked.
In case of CONTINUE HANDLER, the instruction to return to after the handler code is executed needs to be saved in the runtime context. Finding the continuation destination is accomplished by the call to sp_instr::get_cont_dest() for the current instruction, whereas preserving this destination is done with a push on sp_rcontext::m_activated_handlers. The matching call to sp_rcontext::pop_handler_frame(), which is executed when the exception handler is done, is located in sp_instr_hreturn::execute().
In the following example, the Stored Procedure proc_1 makes a nested call to proc_2.
CREATE TABLE my_debug(
seq int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
msg varchar(80),
PRIMARY KEY(seq)
);
delimiter $$
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_1()
BEGIN
INSERT INTO my_debug(msg) VALUES ("entering p1");
CALL proc_2();
INSERT INTO my_debug(msg) VALUES ("leaving p1");
END$$
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_2()
BEGIN
INSERT INTO my_debug(msg) VALUES ("inside p2");
END$$
delimiter ;
CALL proc_1();
By setting a breakpoint in Sql_cmd_insert_values::execute_inner in the server, the current thread stack at the first insert will look like this:
#0 mysql_insert () at sql_insert.cc:351 #1 in mysql_execute_command () at sql_parse.cc:2643 #2 in sp_instr_stmt::exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2609 #3 in sp_lex_keeper::reset_lex_and_exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2455 #4 in sp_instr_stmt::execute () at sp_head.cc:2560 #5 in sp_head::execute () at sp_head.cc:1077 #6 in sp_head::execute_procedure () at sp_head.cc:1726 #7 in mysql_execute_command () at sql_parse.cc:3807 #8 in dispatch_sql_command () at sql_parse.cc:5274 #9 in dispatch_command () at sql_parse.cc:896 #10 in do_command () at sql_parse.cc:662 #11 in handle_one_connection () at sql_connect.cc:1089 #12 in start_thread () from /lib/libpthread.so.0 #13 in clone () from /lib/libc.so.6
By the time the second INSERT is executed, the stack will look like this:
#0 mysql_insert () at sql_insert.cc:351 #1 in mysql_execute_command () at sql_parse.cc:2643 #2 in sp_instr_stmt::exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2609 #3 in sp_lex_keeper::reset_lex_and_exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2455 #4 in sp_instr_stmt::execute () at sp_head.cc:2560 #5 in sp_head::execute () at sp_head.cc:1077 #6 in sp_head::execute_procedure () at sp_head.cc:1726 #7 in mysql_execute_command () at sql_parse.cc:3807 #8 in sp_instr_stmt::exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2609 #9 in sp_lex_keeper::reset_lex_and_exec_core () at sp_head.cc:2455 #10 in sp_instr_stmt::execute () at sp_head.cc:2560 #11 in sp_head::execute () at sp_head.cc:1077 #12 in sp_head::execute_procedure () at sp_head.cc:1726 #13 in mysql_execute_command () at sql_parse.cc:3807 #14 in dispatch_sql_command () at sql_parse.cc:5274 #15 in dispatch_command () at sql_parse.cc:896 #16 in do_command () at sql_parse.cc:662 #17 in handle_one_connection () at sql_connect.cc:1089 #18 in start_thread () from /lib/libpthread.so.0 #19 in clone () from /lib/libc.so.6
In this stack trace, sp_head::execute_procedure() at #12 corresponds to CALL proc_1();, whereas sp_head::execute_procedure() at #6 corresponds to CALL proc_2();. In other words, recursive calls in the user SQL code are implemented by performing matching recursive calls in the system C++ code (the server).
This is actually a severe limitation of the implementation, which causes problems for the following reasons:
What should be implemented instead, is representing the user SQL stack on the C++ heap, and have the interpreter loop instead of making recursive calls.
There are also other good reasons to use the heap. For example, for error reporting, the current implementation has no way to tell that proc_2 was called from proc_1, since this data is not available to the code; it's hidden in the C++ stack.
Nesting calls also has some impact on SQL exception handlers. The member THD::sp_runtime_ctx for the current thread is not pointing to a single sp_rcontext, but to a stack of runtime contexts.
With the example used, when the code is executing proc_1, THD::sp_runtime_ctx points to the runtime context for proc_1. When the code is inside proc_2, the current thread THD::sp_runtime_ctx points to sp_rcontext{proc_2}. This pointer is saved and restored during each stored program execution.
1.9.2